Optimization of process parameters of extraction of lotaustralin from the roots of Rhodiola rosea L using supercritical CO2 plus modifier

Lotaustralin from the root of Rhodiola rosea L was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with methanol as modifier. Response surface methodology using Box–Behnken experimental design was utilized to explore parameters for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The effects of various values of temperatures (50–70 °C), pressures (200--400 bar), and percentages of methanol modifier (80%–100%) on the extraction yields of lotaustralin were evaluated. Extract identification was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The experimental data obtained were fitted to second-order polynomial equations and assessed using analysis of variance. The highest yields predicted from the experiments were 2.05 g kg^?1 lotaustralin at the optimal values, i.e. temperature 65 °C, pressure 316 bar, 88% methanol modifier at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min^?1, and dynamic extraction time 90 min.     

A novel pretreatment process of mature landfill leachate with ultrasonic activated persulfate: Optimization using integrated Taguchi method and response surface methodology

A novel advanced oxidation process (AOP) using ultrasonic activated persulfate oxidation was used to pretreat mature landfill leachate. The effects of different operating variables (e.g., the initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration, pH, temperature, ultrasonic power and reaction time) on the oxidation performance were investigated regarding the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency, and the variables were optimized using the integrated Taguchi method and response surface methodology (RSM). Based on the Taguchi method under L₁₆ (4⁵) arrays and a grey relational analysis, the most significant variables included the initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration, temperature and reaction time. The concentrations of these variables were further optimized using RSM. Using the integrated optimization method, the optimal conditions included an initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration of 8.5 mM, a reaction temperature of 70 °C and a reaction time of 2.46 h, which resulted in a TOC removal efficiency of 77.32%. The experimental results showed that the enhanced TOC removal from mature landfill leachate by sono-activated persulfate oxidation could be attributed to the combined effects of ultrasonic catalysis and sulfate radical-AOP. Overall, ultrasonic activated persulfate oxidation is a promising method for the pretreatment of landfill leachate.     

Sucrose-derived catalytic biodiesel synthesis from low cost palm fatty acid distillate

The current homogeneous acid catalyst for biodiesel product however, would lead to formation of many undesirable by-products that make the post treatment of the biodiesel to be difficult and costly. Thus, sucrose-derived solid acid catalyst was developed in the present study which aims to improve the esterification process and reduce the generation of waste. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalysts were studied by various techniques such as, BET surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed desorption of NH₃ (TPD-NH₃), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) is used to determine the optimum parameters for the catalytic reaction. The experimental results showed that the catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity in the transesterification of PFAD, providing maximum biodiesel yield of 94% at optimum parameters. The better catalytic activity of the aforementioned catalyst in the biodiesel reaction could be attributed to the presence of optimal number of catalytically active acid site density on its surface.     

黄土边坡坡面冲刷的临界坡度

边坡坡面冲刷存在一个临界坡度,边坡坡度接近临界坡度,冲刷量最大。通过能量守恒原理,建立了临界坡度的计算公式,它与边坡坡长以及降雨强度和坡面的粗造程度存在一定的函数关系。通过实例分析了临界坡度和单级坡高的确定,理论分析与工程实践基本一致,说明理论分析是合理可行的。     

Glyphosate and Its Degradation Product AMPA Occur Frequently and Widely in U.S. Soils,Surface Water,Groundwater, and Precipitation

Glyphosate use in the United States increased from less than 5,000 to more than 80,000 metric tons/yr between 1987 and 2007. Glyphosate is popular due to its ease of use on soybean, cotton, and corn crops that are genetically modified to tolerate it, utility in no‐till farming practices, utility in urban areas, and the perception that it has low toxicity and little mobility in the environment. This compilation is the largest and most comprehensive assessment of the environmental occurrence of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in the United States conducted to date, summarizing the results of 3,732 water and sediment and 1,018 quality assurance samples collected between 2001 and 2010 from 38 states. Results indicate that glyphosate and AMPA are usually detected together, mobile, and occur widely in the environment. Glyphosate was detected without AMPA in only 2.3% of samples, whereas AMPA was detected without glyphosate in 17.9% of samples. Glyphosate and AMPA were detected frequently in soils and sediment, ditches and drains, precipitation, rivers, and streams; and less frequently in lakes, ponds, and wetlands; soil water; and groundwater. Concentrations of glyphosate were below the levels of concern for humans or wildlife; however, pesticides are often detected in mixtures. Ecosystem effects of chronic low‐level exposures to pesticide mixtures are uncertain. The environmental health risk of low‐level detections of glyphosate, AMPA, and associated adjuvants and mixtures remain to be determined.     

城市地表形态对热环境的影响——以上海市为例

基于遥感与GIS技术,利用Landsat7-ETM+影像反演地表温度,用社会经济统计数据、土地利用现状数据和道路交通网络数据计算城市景观形态参数以表征地表特征,从行政区(县)、5km间距同心环带和局部区块3个水平上划分空间单元建立数据样本,分析城市地表形态对热环境空间分布格局的影响。结果表明:(1)景观混合度和景观分裂度对地表温度有恒定的负向影响,区块连通性与地表温度负相关;(2)景观分裂度对热环境的影响取决于地类属性:分裂度大的增温地类,地表增温效应弱;分裂度大的降温地类,地表降温效应强;(3)人口密度和经济密度可对地表温度产生恒定正向影响;(4)人口密度、建设用地比例和房屋建筑比例是分布在区(县)尺度、同心圆环尺度和典型区块尺度上影响地表热环境最显著的地表形态要素。     

江苏省浅水湖泊表层沉积物中重金属污染特征及其风险评价

为揭示江苏省浅水湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征,采集江苏省8个浅水湖泊的表层沉积物,测定了8种重金属的含量,并利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物重金属的污染现状以及潜在生态风险程度进行评价。结果表明:江苏省8个浅水湖泊表层沉积物中Mn、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为634~1 031、66~138、76.0~97.5、39.2~56.3、25.2~50.1、9.9~27.1、0.15~2.98、24.6~51.6mg/kg。地积累指数法评价结果表明,Cd是江苏省8个浅水湖泊表层沉积物中最主要的污染物,Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Ni在一些湖泊为轻度污染,Mn和Cr处于无污染水平。Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,各湖泊综合潜在生态风险程度的高低顺序为:长荡湖石臼湖白马湖滆湖高邮湖洪泽湖澄湖骆马湖,长荡湖达到严重生态风险水平,石臼湖存在重生态风险,白马湖与滆湖处在中等生态风险水平,而骆马湖、洪泽湖、高邮湖以及澄湖重金属污染则处于低生态风险水平。     

龙感湖表层沉积硅藻探究

以长江中下游典型草型湖泊龙感湖为研究对象,借助生物指标(沉积物表层硅藻),通过硅藻分析、DCA分析、聚类分析以及硅藻属种指示的湖泊营养特征分析,探究龙感湖沉积物表层硅藻属种分类、影响硅藻的潜在环境梯度、表层沉积硅藻属种的空间分布特征以及分析表层沉积硅藻属种指示的湖泊营养特征。研究表明:龙感湖表层沉积硅藻属种分布存在空间差异;表层硅藻属种的分布主要由第一轴的环境因子所解释,反映的样点的排列受第一轴的控制,第二轴反映的环境意义不显著;龙感湖硅藻组合是以富营养的浮游种为优势,已经接近富营养态,以半浮游种Aulancoseira granulata为最大优势种,而Aulancoseira granulata在中营养湖泊中占绝对优势。主要出现在富营养湖泊中能较好指示富营养化的浮游、半浮游种Cyclotella atoms和C.meneghiniana、Aulacoseira alpigea、Cyclostephanos dubius、Stephanodiscus parvus、S.hantzschii出现在龙感湖内;以浮游种为优势种的东部湖区比以附生底栖种为优势种的西部湖区富营养化更严重,研究以期为湖泊治理提供一定的理论依据。     

城镇化平原河网区下垫面特征变化及洪涝影响研究

城镇化是人类改变地表最深刻、最剧烈的过程之一,针对平原区城镇化引起的洪涝加剧问题,以浙东沿海奉化江流域中下游平原为例,利用高分辨率遥感影像和地形图资料获取1990~2010年间下垫面特征信息,从土地利用类型、河网水系和地面高程3个方面,分析城镇化过程中平原河网地区下垫面特征变化及其对区域洪涝调蓄能力的影响。研究结果表明:平原区城镇化对下垫面的影响不仅表现为城镇不透水面的增加,径流系数的增大,同时城镇扩张过程中农田和水系转化为城镇用地,而后者具有相对较高的防洪标准,使得新建城区地面高程明显增大,河网调蓄能力亦呈不断减少趋势。洪涝模拟显示以上下垫面变化导致区域可调蓄洪涝的空间逐渐减少,洪涝风险程度加大,并呈现向相对低洼地带转移的趋势特征。     

霍邱县城湖泊沉积物营养盐分布及污染评价

为阐明霍邱县城西湖和城东湖表层沉积物营养盐的空间分布及污染特征,测定了城西湖和城东湖各30个表层沉积物样中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机质(OM)含量,分析了其污染水平和来源.结果表明,城西湖总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)含量显著高于城东湖,其含量平均值分别为746.23mg·kg^-1、538.38mg·kg^-1、1.17%和470.80mg·kg^-1、492.08mg·kg^-1、0.68%,城西湖的北部及西北部显著高于其他湖区,且大致由北向南呈递减的特点.C/N值表明城西湖和城东湖的有机质主要来源于无纤维束植物和浮游植物,相关性分析表明城西湖和城东湖TN、TP和OM具有同源性;城西湖和城东湖沉积物的TN单项指数(S_TN)的平均值分别为0.67和1.18,而TP单项指数(S_TP)平均值分别为0.42和1.08,表明两湖的TN处于清洁状态而TP处于中度污染状态,综合污染指数(FF)平均值分别为1.51和1.31,整体处于中度污染状态.有机指数...