关中典型城市及农村夏季PM2.5的化学组成对比

于2016年7~8月采集了陕西省西安市（城市）及蔺村（农村）夏季昼夜PM_2.5样品,分析其有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）和无机离子等化学组分的含量,探讨关中平原城市和农村地区PM_2.5的化学组成和来源的差异.结果表明,采样期间西安和蔺村的PM_2.5浓度分别为（49.7±22.8）和（62.6±14.2）μg/m³.西安PM_2.5中OC和EC的浓度[（6.5±2.5）μg/m³,（3.2±1.8）μg/m³]与蔺村[（6.8±1.8）μg/m³,（3.8±2.3）μg/m³]相当.西安OC/EC比值白天（2.6）高于夜晚（1.9）,蔺村反之（白天：1.6;夜晚：2.7）,主要是因为夜间城市地区重型卡车运输活动增强导致排放更多EC,而夜间农村地区人为活动较少导致EC排放显著降低.西安和蔺村无机离子总浓度分别为（20.2±14.6）和（30.1±10.5）μg/m³,占PM_2.5浓度的40.6%和47.6%.蔺村SO₄^2-的平均浓度高达19.0μg/m³,占PM_2.5浓度的30%以上,远高于西安（9.4μg/m³和18.9%）,主要与农村固体燃料（煤和生物质）使用有关.西安NO₃^-和Ca²⁺的浓度及其对PM_2.5的贡献、NO₃^-/SO₄^2-比值均明显大于蔺村,表明城市地区受机动车尾气和扬尘的影响更大.西安K⁺与Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的相关性较强,而蔺村K⁺与EC的相关性显著强于西安,说明西安市区K⁺由粉尘源主导,而农村地区则主要来自生物质燃烧.     

基于稳定碳同位素技术的干旱区绿洲土壤有机碳向无机碳的转移

应用稳定碳同位素技术测定土壤无机碳稳定碳同位素组成(soil inorganic carbonδ13C,SICδ13C),并对干旱区绿洲土壤无机碳进行区分,结合土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)与SIC含量关系进一步探讨SOC向SIC转移的碳量.结果表明,4种类型土壤SICδ13C值差异性极显著(P0.01),风沙土SICδ13C值最高且为正,均值为(0.32±0.04)‰,随土层深度增加而增加,说明风沙土原生性碳酸盐占绝对优势;灌漠土、棕漠土和盐碱土SIC的δ13C均值分别(-0.30±0.24)‰、(-1.96±0.66)‰和(-1.24±0.49)‰,随土层变化均呈先降低后逐渐增大的趋势,说明灌漠土原生性碳酸盐占优势,棕漠土和盐碱土发生性碳酸盐相对前者占优势.风沙土、灌漠土、棕漠土和盐碱土的发生性碳酸盐占SIC比例均值分别为1.33%、4.72%、15.01%、35.71%,均小于50%,说明干旱区绿洲土壤发生性碳酸盐比例总体水平较低.风沙土、灌漠土、棕漠土和盐碱土在土壤发生性碳酸盐形成或重结晶过程中固定土壤CO2的量分别为0.30、2.44、4.96、12.40 g·kg~(-1),其中固定来自大气CO2量平均为0.18、0.79、1.45、8.67 g·kg~(-1),来自SOC氧化分解转化为CO2的量分别为0.06、0.83、1.62、1.86g·kg~(-1),说明盐碱土、棕漠土SOC的贡献相对较高,灌漠土、风沙土较低;对土壤固定CO2量的来源比较发现,风沙土、盐碱土固定土壤CO2的量来自大气CO2量较高,SOC的贡献较低,而灌漠土、棕漠土固定来自SOC氧化分解CO2的量较高,大气贡献较低.研究区整体SOC向SIC的碳转移量介于0.03~2.38 g·kg~(-1)之间,平均每千克土壤固定1.09 g的CO2,说明干旱区绿洲土壤发生性碳酸盐所占比例较低,SOC的贡献较少.     

Characterization of submicron particles during autumn in Beijing, China

In this study, we performed a highly time-resolved chemical characterization of nonrefractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1) in Beijing by using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS). The results showed the average NR-PM_1 mass concentration to be 56.4 ± 58.0 μg/m~3, with a peak at 307.4 μg/m~3. Due to the high frequency of biomass burning in autumn, submicron particles significantly increased in organic content, which accounted for 51% of NR-PM_1 on average. Secondary inorganic aerosols(sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) accounted for 46% of NR-PM_1, of which sulfate,nitrate, and ammonium contributed 15%, 20%, and 11%, respectively. To determine the intrinsic relationships between the organic and inorganic species, we used the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model to merge the high-resolution mass spectra of the organic species and NO+and NO_2~+ions. The PMF analysis separated the mixed organic and nitrate(NO+and NO_2~+) spectra into four organic factors, including hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA), oxygenated organic aerosol(OOA), cooking organic aerosol(COA), and biomass burning organic aerosol(BBOA), as well as one nitrate inorganic aerosol(NIA) factor. COA(33%) and OOA(30%) contributed the most to the total organic aerosol(OA) mass, followed by BBOA(20%) and HOA(17%). We successfully quantified the mass concentrations of the organic and inorganic nitrates by the NO+and NO2+ions signal in the organic and NIA factors. The organic nitrate mass varied from 0.01-6.8 μg/m~3, with an average of 1.0 ±1.1 μg/m~3, and organic nitrate components accounted for 10% of the total nitrate mass in this observation.     

厌氧/好氧SPNDPR系统实现低C/N城市污水同步脱氮除磷的优化运行

为了解同步短程硝化内源反硝化除磷(SPNDPR)系统的脱氮除磷特性,以低C/N城市污水为处理对象,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/好氧运行的SBR反应器,通过联合调控曝气量和好氧时间,考察了该系统启动与优化运行特性.结果表明,当系统好氧段曝气量为0. 8 L·min~(-1),好氧时间为150 min时,出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度约为1. 5 mg·L~(-1)左右,出水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N浓度由10. 28 mg·L~(-1)和8. 14 mg·L~(-1)逐渐降低至0 mg·L~(-1)和2. 27 mg·L~(-1),出水NO_2~--N浓度逐渐升高至1. 81 mg·L~(-1);当曝气量提高至1. 0 L·min~(-1)且好氧时间缩短至120min后,系统除磷、短程硝化性能逐渐增强,但总氮(TN)去除性能先降低后逐渐升高,最终出水PO_4~(3-)-P、NH_4~+-N分别稳定低于0. 5 mg·L~(-1)和1. 0 mg·L~(-1),好氧段亚硝积累率和SND率分别达98. 65%和44. 20%,TN去除率达79. 78%. SPNDPR系统内好氧段好氧吸磷、反硝化除磷、短程硝化、内源反硝化同时进行保证了低C/N污水的同步脱氮除磷.     

植物配置与进水碳氮比对沉水植物塘水质净化效果的影响

将3种常见湖泊沉水植物苦草(Vallisneris spiralis)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)组合构建7种沉水植物稳定塘,分析植物组合对水体氮、磷、有机物去除效果;在此基础上,模拟不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下的沉水植物塘对污水的净化效果,进而探讨碳氮比对沉水植物去污效果的影响.结果表明:(1)7种沉水植物组合对氮、磷均具有一定的净化效果,其中苦草和轮叶黑藻组成的沉水植物塘净化效果最好.(2)3种C/N(1.89、5.93、12.09)条件下,苦草黑藻植物塘的去污效果有所差异,当C/N=5.93时,对污染物的综合去除效果最佳.因此对于沉水植物稳定塘而言,沉水植物组合能取得比单类植物更好的净水效果,并且通过添加适量碳源物质,调整污水的碳氮比,可以提升沉水植物塘的净水效果,研究结果对于实际工程构建稳定塘净化污水具有理论指导意义.     

缓释碳源生态基质对低碳氮比河水脱氮效果研究

通过缓释碳源生态基质颗粒脱氮效果实验,比较了缓释碳源生态基质颗粒填料柱与普通砾石填料柱对各种形态氮的去除效果.结果发现,装填生态基质颗粒的实验组出水NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N和TN去除率分别为90.60%、90.32%和63.66%,明显高于对照组-16.39%、-1.51%和25.06%的去除率,说明缓释碳源生态基质可显著增强反硝化作用强度,提高TN去除率.高通量分析结果表明,生态基质组相对丰度超过1%的菌属数量高于对照组,其中,反硝化菌属相对丰度达到30%以上,生态基质释放的纤维素碳源有利于异养反硝化微生物的生长繁殖,使反应器内的微生物群落结构发生显著改变,提高了脱氮效率.     

青岛采暖期不同天气状况下大气颗粒态无机氮分布研究

于2007-10～2008-04采集了青岛近海采暖前及采暖期内大气气溶胶样品,并运用离子色谱法(IC)分析了颗粒物中的无机氮组分.结果表明,采暖期内青岛颗粒物和无机氮的浓度都有明显增加,采暖期颗粒物质量浓度为137.41μg/m3,比采暖前增加了82.2%;NO3--N和NH4+-N浓度分别由采暖前的2.48μg/m3和6.95μg/m3增加到采暖期的4.43μg/m3和10.28μg/m3.天气过程对于青岛颗粒物浓度和无机氮离子浓度均有较大影响.采暖期晴天颗粒物浓度均值为181.34μg/m3,较采暖前增加32.0%,主要源于二次气溶胶的NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别为5.56μg/m3和1.86μg/m3,低于采暖前.雾天因为低温高湿和污染物的循环积累,样品中颗粒物、NH4+-N和NO3--N平均浓度比采暖前浓度增加了1～2倍.大风降温天气下颗粒物浓度及无机氮组分浓度均有所降低.采暖期烟尘和飞灰的排放明显影响青岛大气颗粒物和无机氮的粒径分布,特别是细粒子部分.青岛近海颗粒物及NO3--N质量浓度呈现双峰分布,采暖前峰值出现在0.43～0.65μm与3.3～4.7μm的范围内,采暖期积聚模态峰值移至0.65～1.1μm范围内.NH4+-N粒径分布均呈现明显的单峰分布,峰值出现在积聚模态.     

Evaluating the e ects of granular and membrane filtrations on chlorine demand in drinking water

In this study, chlorine decay experiments were conducted for the raw water from Nakdong River that is treated by Chilseo Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) situated in Haman, Korea as well as the e uents from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters of CWTP and fitted using a chlorine decay model. The model estimated the fast and slow reacting nitrogenous as well as organic/inorganic compounds that were present in the water. It was found that the chlorine demand due to fast and slow reacting (FRA and SRA) organic/inorganic substances was not reduced significantly by sand as well as GAC filters. However, the treated e uents from those filters contained FRA and SRA that are less reactive and had small reaction rate constants. For the e uents from microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration the chlorine demand because FRA and SRA were further reduced but the reaction rate constants were larger compared to those of sand and GAC filter e uents. This has implications in the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). If DBPs are assumed to form due to the interactions between chlorine and SRA, then it is possible that the DBP formation potential in the e uents from membrane filtrations could be higher than that in the e uents from granular media filters.     

贵州省红枫湖饮用水源地微囊藻毒素含量与水体中氮、磷含量等的相关性

2008年6~9月对贵州省红枫湖饮用水源地A、B、C采样点及取水口采样,研究了水体中微囊藻毒素即总藻毒素(total microcystin RR和total microcystin LR,TMC-RR、TMC-LR),胞外藻毒素(extracellular microcystin RR和extracellular microcystin LR,EMC-RR、EMC-LR)和胞内藻毒素(intracellular microcystin RR和intracellular microcystin LR,IMC-RR、IMC-LR)含量及相关的TN、TP、NH4-N、NO2-N、COD、Ch1a、pH等理化指标的变化情况,讨论了理化指标与藻毒素含量之间的相互关系。结果表明藻毒素在时间及空间上分布不均,无明显规律性。藻类高发期间藻毒素以胞内毒素为主要存在形式,去除藻毒素保障饮用水安全最重要的是去除饮用水源水中的藻类。相关性分析表明藻毒素含量与pH、NO2-N、Ch1a具有统计学意义上的相关性,综合回归分析的结果,pH是影响藻毒素的重要因子,因此贵州省喀斯特弱碱性特殊水环境与藻毒素产生的环境条件值得各方面高度关注。     

洱海流域农田土壤氮素的矿化及其影响因素

采用好氧间歇淋洗培养法,对洱海流域内的农田、菜地土壤样品培养2周,研究土壤氮的矿化及其影响因素.结果表明,表层土壤2周氮矿化量平均为65.54mg/kg.不同农田利用方式下,表层土壤氮矿化量的平均值为露地菜田粮田大蒜田.土壤氮素矿化以硝态氮为主,且随着土壤深度的增加而降低.土壤氮矿化同全氮、有机质含量呈明显的正相关关系,与pH值呈负相关;氮矿化与无机氮含量、C/N之间无显著关系.全氮、有机质和pH值是影响该流域农田土壤矿化的主要因子.