碳中和愿景的实现路径与政策体系

习近平主席在第七十五届联合国大会上郑重承诺中国将努力争取2060年实现碳中和目标，为中国未来低碳转型促进经济高质量发展、生态文明建设指明了方向、明确了目标，也提振了全球应对气候变化的信心。作为排放量全球最大的发展中国家，在2030年前达峰后用三十年左右的时间很快地实现碳中和愿景，任务异常艰巨，但总体上排放路径必然呈现尽早达峰、稳中有降、快速降低、趋稳中和的过程。支撑碳中和的技术几乎涉及所有的产业和经济活动，从控制碳排放途径的角度可以分为高能效循环利用技术、零碳能源技术、负排放技术。政府、企业、个人在迈向碳中和愿景进程中具有至关重要而又各有侧重的作用，需要科学的政策体系以形成系统有效的激励机制，促进资本和人才朝着碳中和技术创新和市场化推广应用方向快速汇集。     

The legitimation of contested carbon markets after Paris – empirical insights from market stakeholders

ABSTRACT

After the Paris Agreement the global carbon offset markets face regulatory uncertainty and new legitimation challenges. This paper examines the discursive legitimation of the carbon markets between 2015 and 2018 and is based on 37 qualitative interviews with market stakeholders. The results show that the carbon markets remain contested and require new ideas and concepts to construct legitimacy. Some stakeholders consider moving beyond carbon offsetting, mainly due to new risks of double counting. Others continue to portray carbon offsetting as a ‘false solution’. Nevertheless, the trust in carbon markets as an appropriate way to address climate change remains high. Therefore, new forms of international emission trading are likely to evolve under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.     

燃煤电厂的碳减排技术

介绍了燃煤电厂应对气候变化采取的CO2减排技术路线和适合燃煤电厂的CO2捕集技术,调查了对当前燃煤电厂捕碳项目和清洁煤技术的发展情况.     

废轮胎等离子体热解固体产物性质研究

等离子体热解废弃轮胎的产物包括可燃气、固体产物两部分,本文利用工业分析、元素分析、SEM扫描、XPS表面分析、NMR分析等手段考察了等离子体热解固体产物的特性,并与轮胎工业用碳黑做了对比研究。研究结果表明,废轮胎等离子体热解固体产物可作为热解碳黑进行回收利用。     

活性碳纤维改性技术研究进展

介绍了活性碳纤维(ACF)的孔结构及表面官能团,综述了国内外ACF改性技术的研究现状.ACF的改性主要包括孔结构调控和表面化学改性,表面化学改性包括氧化还原法、表面负载法、浸渍法、热处理法、远程等离子体处理法、微波辐照法等,也可将多种方法结合来对ACF进行改性,以改善和提高ACF的吸附性能.在总结现有研究的基础上,对ACF改性技术发展趋势进行了展望.     

三维电极电Fenton氧化法处理染料废水

采用三维电极电Fenton氧化法处理实际染料废水,探究了染料废水处理效果的影响因素。实验结果表明：以钌铱镀层钛电极为阳极、不锈钢板为阴极、粉末活性炭为颗粒电极,在粉末活性炭投加量为2.0 g/L、电流密度为0.5 mA/mm²、极板间距为3 cm、pH为2.0、硫酸亚铁投加量为0.50 g/L的最优工艺条件下,反应2 h后COD、TOC、氨氮、色度的去除率达到最大,分别为62.80%、41.15%、42.48%和95.00%;粉末活性炭作为颗粒电极可使染料废水COD去除率提高18个百分点;重复使用10次的处理效果与第2次基本持平。     

Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol

Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel （EN） plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine- formaldehyde-tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon （MFT/AG）. PdC12 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite （Ni/AC） in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electro- chemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2.6-dichloronhenol.     

杭州黑碳气溶胶污染特性及来源研究

2011年7月~2012年6月对黑碳气溶胶(BC)、PM2.5、污染气体及气象因子进行同步观测,以评估杭州市BC污染特征、来源分布及对大气能见度的影响.结果表明:杭州市大气BC日均浓度范围为1.3~16.5μg/m3,年均值达到(5.1±2.5)μg/m3.BC呈明显的季节变化趋势,秋冬季高,夏季低.BC也呈典型的日变化趋势,交通高峰期高,下午低,同时与NOx呈较好的相关性,表明城市中BC受到机动车尾气排放的重要影响;而BC/CO低于其他城市则表明生物质燃烧排放可能是杭州BC的另一大重要来源.BC随风速下降呈上升趋势, BC超过10μg/m3的高浓度事件中,风速基本低于2m/s,北-西北-西风对高浓度BC的输送作用明显.观测期间BC的吸收系数为(44.8±23.0)Mm-1,占到总消光比例的10.4%.灰霾和重度灰霾天气下,吸收系数分别为(66.2±30.1),(100.2±49.2)Mm-1,达到非霾天气的2.2和3.4倍, 表明BC吸收消光作用是影响杭州市大气能见度下降和灰霾天气发生的重要因素之一.     

不同部位玉米秸秆对两种质地黑土CO2排放和微生物量的影响

秸秆还田后作物残体的分解是农田生态系统碳循环及养分周转平衡的一个至关重要环节.为了探索秸秆化学性质和土壤质地对黑土区土壤CO2排放和微生物量的影响,本文通过室内恒温培养实验研究了添加不同植株部位玉米秸秆(根、茎下部、茎顶部、叶)进入黑土区两种质地土壤(砂壤土和黏壤土)后的CO2排放、微生物量,并分析了它们与秸秆C/N、木质素含量的关系.结果表明,添加不同部位秸秆一致增加土壤CO2排放量,激发效应值介于216.53~335.17μmol·g-1,黏壤土大于砂壤土.激发效应值与木质素/N之间的线性回归关系明显好于激发效应与木质素含量、C/N、含氮量之间的线性关系.添加秸秆增加MBC和MBN含量,降低MBC/MBN,微生物群落氮固持的速率高于碳固持.添加秸秆后,砂壤土微生物量增加的幅度大于黏壤土,总溶解性氮含量小于黏壤土.结果说明,秸秆的木质素和氮含量均会对它的分解和CO2排放产生影响,木质素/N比木质素含量、C/N等更好地说明秸秆分解和CO2排放的差异;与黏壤土相比,在砂壤土中实施秸秆还田可以取得更好的土壤碳固存、微生物量和氮素保持效果.     

Distribution characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in annular wetland soil-water solutions through soil profiles in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts. DOC in stream flow is mainly originated from soil-water solutions of watershed. Wetlands prove to be the most sensitive areas as an important DOC reserve between terrestrial and fluvial biogeosystems. This reported study was focused on the distribution characteristics and the controlling factors of DOC in soil-water solutions of annular wetland, i.e., a dishing wetland and a forest wetland together, in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results indicate that DOC concentrations in soilwater solutions decreased and then increased with increasing soil depth in the annular wetland. In the upper soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, DOC concentrations in soil-water solutions linearly increased from edge to center of the annular wetland （R^2 = 0.3122 and R^2 = 0.443）. The distribution variations were intimately linked to DOC production and utilization and DOC transport processes in annular wetland soil-water solutions. The concentrations of total organic carbon （TOC）, total carbon （TC） and Fe（II）, DOC mobility and continuous vertical and lateral flow affectext the distribution variations of DOC in soil-water solutions. The correlation coefficients between DOC concentrations and TOC, TC and Fe（II） were 0.974, 0.813 and 0.753 respectively. These distribution characteristics suggested a systematic response of the distribution variations of DOC in annular wetland soil-water solutions to the geometry of closed depressions on a scale of small catchments. However, the DOC in soil pore water of the annular wetland may be the potential source of DOC to stream flow on watershed scale. These observations also implied the fragmentation of wetland landscape could bring the spatial-temporal variations of DOC distribution and exports, which would bring negative environmental impacts in watersheds of the Sanjiang Plain.