宜兴市清源污水处理厂升级改造工艺设计

宜兴市清源污水处理厂升级改造工程设计规模5×104m3/d,采用强化生物脱氮、机械微过滤(盘片过滤)工艺,利用现有池容进行内部改造,同时增加深度处理设施,提高出水标准,改造后出水ρ(COD)、ρ(BOD5)、ρ(SS)、ρ(NH3-N)、ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)平均值分别为34,6,5,1.3,10.3和0.36mg/L,各项水质指标均达GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。     

氨氮污染对宁夏水环境质量的影响及其控制

近年来氨氮污染对宁夏水环境质量的影响日趋势严重，文中通过大量的监测数据，分析了水环境中氨氮污染现状及其变化趋势，研究了氨氮污染物的来源和分布，并在此基础上提出了控制氨氮污染的对策。     

Comparative evaluation of processes for heavy metal removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｔｈａｔｍｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｓｏｌｉｄｗａｓｔｅｉｎｃｉｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｆｌｙａｓｈ（ＭＳＷＦＡ）ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｅａｍｏｕｎｔｓｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓ（Ｂｅｒｇ，１...     

百乐克(BIOLAK)活性污泥宏基因组的生物多样性及功能分析

百乐克(BIOLAK)是一种在全球范围内得到成功推广的多级活性污泥工艺,然而,迄今对于百乐克工艺的核心元件——活性污泥的生物群落及其功能尚鲜见报道.以连云港市大浦工业区废水处理厂为例,借助于新一代高通量测序技术,获得百乐克活性污泥中大规模的宏基因组数据(428 588条高质量DNA序列).鉴定出47个门类、872个属及1 351个物种.细菌域(289 933条序列)中包含33个门,其中变形菌门Proteobacteria是生物量最丰富的门(62.54%),其次是拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes(11.29%)、硝化螺旋菌门Nitrospirae(5.65%)和浮霉菌门Planctomycetes(4.79%),显示这些生物类群在百乐克废水处理系统中发挥着关键作用.在748个细菌属中,硝化螺菌属Nitrospira(5.60%)最为丰富,为活性污泥氮循环过程中的关键菌群.其次为芽单胞菌属Gemmatimonas(2.45%),是生物除磷过程的重要菌属.在古菌域(1 019条序列)中鉴定出3个门及39个属.在真核域(1 055序列),鉴定出10个门及60个属,其中,纤毛虫门Ciliophora是最大的门(257条序列).同时,检测到448条病毒序列,主要为噬菌体.在百乐克活性污泥中,参与氮、芳香化合物和磷代谢的功能基因比例分别为2.50%、2.28%和1.56%,均高于美国和澳大利亚两个废水处理厂活性污泥中功能基因的比例.在氮代谢的4个过程中,反硝化相关基因所占比重最高,达到80.81%,其次是氨化(12.78%)、硝化(4.38%)和固氮(2.04%).总之,在百乐克活性污泥中蕴藏着惊人的生物多样性,同时,参与氮、芳香化合物和磷代谢的功能基因非常丰富.     

NITROGEN CONTENT AND ACIDITY OF RAIN ON THE GEORGIA COAST1

ABSTRACT: Since nitrogen is a nutrient frequently in short supply in coastal ecosystems, an estimate of the nitrogen input via rain was made for the Georgia coast. Water samples collected in 34 separate storms during a 12 month period were analysed for concentrations of ammonia, nitrate plus nitrite, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). The range and average concentration in micromoles of nitrogen per liter was 0.0 to 137 (6.3) for ammonia, 1.0 to 21 (7.9) for nitrate plus nitrite, and 0.0 to 13.6 (4.0) for DON. DON, not usually measured in rain, comprised up to 62% of the total nitrogen content. The annual amount of nitrogen contributed by rain to the coast was about 0.3 g N/m². This value is a small fraction of the calculated nitrogen requirements of coastal plants. More than half the rain samples had pH values less than the CO₂ equilibrium pH of 5.6. Values as low as 4.2 were in the range of pH values reported for acid rain in Europe and the northeastern U.S. Total titratable acidity was measured for 12 summer rainwater samples. The results fox 7 individual storms showed a highly linear relation between hydrogen ion concentration and total acidity. However, the elope of the regression line indicated that increases in acidity were not a result of addition of strong acid alone.     

Long Term Trends in Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition in Europe and the Cause of Non-linearities

Emissions of sulphur and oxidized nitrogen compounds in Europe have been reduced following a series of control measures during the last two decades. These changes have taken place during a period in which the primary gases and the wet deposition throughout Europe were extensively monitored. Since the end of the 1970s, for example land based sulphur emissions declined by between 90 and 70% depending on the region. Over the same period the total deposition of sulphur and its partitioning into wet and dry deposition have declined, but the spatial pattern in the reduction in deposition differs from that of emission and has changed with time. Such non-linearities in the emission-deposition relationship are important to understand as they complicate the process of assessing the effects of emission reduction strategies. Observed non-linearities in terrestrial sulphur emission-deposition patterns have been identified in north west Europe due to increases in marine emissions, and are currently slowing the recovery of freshwater ecosystems. Changes in the relative amounts of SO₂ and NH₃ in air over the last two decades have also changed the affinity of terrestrial surfaces for SO₂ and have therefore changed the deposition velocity of SO₂ over substantial areas. The consequence of this effect has been the very rapid reduction in ambient SO₂ concentration in some of the major source areas of Europe, where NH₃ did not change much. Interactions between the different pollutants, generating non-linearities are now being incorporated in long-range transport models to simulate the effects of historical emission trends and to provide projections into the future. This paper identifies non-linearities in emission deposition relationships for sulphur and nitrogen compounds in Europe using data from the EMEP long-rang transport model and measured concentration fields of the major ions in precipitation and of SO₂ and NO₂ in surface air.     

农业废弃物用于沼气制备对氮磷排放减少量的研究

以礼嘉镇为例,分析了礼嘉镇农业废弃物如秸秆等的主要成分、畜禽粪便的排放量,提出了秸秆、畜禽粪便的深度利用最佳方法,即秸秆制燃料乙醇和配套的沼气方案。在沼气方案中,有效利用了不适合制备燃料乙醇的农业废弃物和畜禽粪便,同时得到了有机肥。     

氮素形态对烟草根际镉的有效性及镉吸收的影响

采用盆栽实验,研究了不同氮素形态对酸性紫色土和中性紫色土中烟草根际有效镉含量及烟草吸收镉的影响。结果表明,氮素形态对烟草根际有效镉含量的影响不显著,但铵态氮(AN)和铵态氮+硝化抑制剂双氰胺(AN+DCD)使非根际有效镉含量显著提高。2种土壤中,烟草的生物量均以AN+DCD处理最高;烟草地上部镉含量在酸性紫色土中以硝态氮(NN)处理最高,中性紫色土中则以AN+DCD处理最高;烟草地上部镉累积量均以AN+DCD和AN+NN处理最高。从植物修复角度,2种土壤宜以铵态氮与硝态氮混合或铵态氮与双氰胺混合方式施用。     

Total nitrogen and community turnover determine phosphorus use efficiency of phytoplankton along nutrient gradients in plateau lakes

Numerous studies support that biodiversity predict most to ecosystem functioning, but whether other factors display a more significant direct impact on ecosystem functioning than biodiversity remains to be studied. We investigated 398 samples of the phytoplankton phosphorus resource use efficiency (RUE_P = chlorophyll-a concentration/dissolved phosphate) across two seasons in nine plateau lakes in Yunnan Province, China. We identified the main contributors to phytoplankton RUE_P and analyzed their potential influences on RUE_P at different lake trophic states. The results showed that total nitrogen (TN) contributed the most to RUE_P among the nine lakes, whereas community turnover (measured as community dissimilarity) explained the most to RUE_P variation across the two seasons. Moreover, TN also influenced RUE_P by affecting biodiversity. Species richness (SR), functional attribute diversity (FAD2), and dendrogram-based functional diversity (FDc) were positively correlated with RUE_P in both seasons, while evenness was negatively correlated with RUE_P at the end of the rainy season. We also found that the effects of biodiversity and turnover on RUE_P depended on the lake trophic states. SR and FAD2 were positively correlated with RUE_P in all three trophic states. Evenness showed a negative correlation with RUE_P at the eutrophic and oligotrophic levels, but a positive correlation at the mesotrophic level. Turnover had a negative influence on RUE_P at the eutrophic level, but a positive influence at the mesotrophic and oligotrophic levels. Overall, our results suggested that multiple factors and nutrient states need to be considered when the ecosystem functioning predictors and the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships are investigated.