离子色谱法同时测定柠檬酸发酵液中无机阴离子和有机酸

本文建立了以ＮａＯＨ为淋洗液，甲醇为有机改进剂，阴离子交换分离，化学抑制型电导检测，快速测定柠檬酸发酵液中有机酸和ＳＯ＾２－４，ＰＬ＾３－４的离子色谱新方法，方法简单，灵敏，用于样品分析，结果令人满意。     

Space-time modeling of environmental monitoring data

This study describes and applies statistical methods for space-time modeling of data from environmental monitoring programs, e.g., within areas such as climate change, air pollution and aquatic environment. Such data are often characterized by sparse sampling in both the temporal and spatial dimensions. In order to improve the amount of information on the physical system in question we suggest using statistical modeling methods for monitoring data. Model predictions combined with observations could be analyzed directly to assess the environmental state or as forcing functions for time series models and deterministic, hydrodynamic models. To illustrate the approach we applied the proposed modeling methods to data from the Danish and Swedish marine monitoring programs. Time series with a weekly resolution were predicted from observations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from the Kattegat basin (1993–1997). DIN observations were sparse, irregularly distributed and comprised approximately 10% of the generated time series.     

长期定位施肥对土壤磷、钾素动态变化的影响

23年定位施肥试验的结果表明，不施肥和单施氮肥的土壤，其有效磷质量分数迅速下降，前3年比播前降低约50％，自第7年开始比播前降低2／3左右，降至4-5μg／g之后处于稳定状态。土壤全磷质量分数始终保持在0．40-0．50g／kg的水平，有机磷略有增加。施有机肥以及有机肥与氮肥配施的土壤，其有效磷和有机磷质量分数增加显著。单施氮肥的土壤，其速效钾、缓效钾质量分数均降低，全钾质量分数变化不明显。在每年每公顷单施含钾150．0kg、300．0kg的有机肥或与138kg、276kg氮素配施的土壤中，以单施含钾300．0kg的有机肥的土壤的钾素盈余量最多，并随配施氮量的增加而盈余量减少。试验23年后的土壤，其钾素盈余量与土壤速效钾、缓效钾质量分数均有极显著的相关性，而与全钾质量分数的相关性小大。     

NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION AND VARIABILITY IN THE CHARLOTTE HARBOR ESTUARINE SYSTEM,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: The sources and distribution of nutrients in the Charlotte Harbor estuarine system were evaluated using nutrient dilution curve models. Except for ammonia, nutrient concentrations were highest and most variable in the rivers, and generally decreased with increasing salinity. Observed and theoretical dilution curves for phosphorus were generally in close agreement, which suggests conservative behavior. Phosphorus concentrations sagged below a straight line because phosphorus-rich water from the upper Peace River basin was diluted by tributaries in the lower basin. The concentrations of dissolved silica appeared to be conservative on some occasions. On other occasions, dissolved silica appeared to be removed at low salimties or released at higher salinities. Concentrations of ammonia were highly variable along the salinity gradient, presumably because of variations in ammonia regeneration and uptake. Concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate were well below conservative dilution curves, probably due to phy-toplankton uptake. At salinities greater than 20%, nitrite plus nitrate concentrations were usually at or below the detection limit and may limit phytoplankton productivity. Projected increased nitrogen loadings from urban development in the basin would favor undesirable increases in phytoplankton and benthic algal growth in waters where sufficient light is available.     

POTENTIAL FOR REDUCING NITROGEN POLLUTION THROUGH IMPROVED AGRONOMIC PRACTICES1

ABSTRACT: According to the 1990 National Water Quality Inventory nutrient runoff from agriculture is one of the largest contributors to watershed contamination. Nutrient balance studies suggest that many farmers use more fertilizer than necessary because of insufficient crediting for nutrients coming from manure and legumes. Using data from the USDA's 1990 Farm Costs and Returns Survey, we found that farmers raising only conventional crops spend between $470 to $624 million more per year on fertilizer than necessary. This accounts for a range of 24 percent to 32 percent of total annual nitrogen (N) purchases. The excess N amounts to between 2.5 to 3.3 billion pounds N and has considerable water pollution potential. Farmers and the fertilizer industry have responded positively to highly focused research and education programs which support improved crediting of these nutrients.     

DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATE AND ORTHOPHOSPHATE IN SELECTED STREAMS IN CENTRAL NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: The Central Nebraska Basins is one of 60 study units in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. The study unit includes the Platte River and two major tributaries, the Loup and Elkhorn Rivers. Agriculture is the predominant land use in the study unit, with only eight urbanized communities exceeding a population of 10,000. Water samples were collected from selected streams in the study unit during 1993–1995. The data were used to assess the distribution of nitrogen compounds and phosphorus in the streams and to relate the concentrations of these constituents to environmental settings. This article focuses on dissolved nitrate and orthophosphate. Dissolved nitrate concentrations were highest (90th percentiles were less than 7.0 milligrams per liter as nitrogen) in areas with extensive cropland and pasture, where chemical fertilizers are intensively applied. Synoptic measurements conducted in March and August 1994 indicate that relatively little residual fertilizer, as nitrate, applied during a single crop-growing season enters streams. Dissolved nitrate concentrations showed a seasonal pattern, being highest during winter months and lowest during the late spring and summer. Dissolved orthophosphate concentrations tended to be low across the study unit, 90 percent of all analyses did not exceed 1.7 milligrams per liter as phosphorus.     

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF SOIL CONDITIONS ON FARM STRATEGIES TO REDUCE AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Utilizing predictions of pollutant movement generated by the CREAMS model, the economics of reducing field losses of sediment and nitrate percolation were compared between two soil types on each of two slopes common to the Upper Eastern Shore of Maryland. The soils considered were Matapeake silt loam and Sassafras sandy loam textures on field slopes of 3.5 percent and 7.5 percent. A representative cash grain farm was used as a basis of comparison. Under assumptions of profit maximization, economic optimal cropping systems varied by slope. Results further indicated that relative cost-effectiveness of sediment or nitrate percolation control varied by soil type for both slopes considered. Unit costs of sediment control were less on silt loam soils, while unit costs of nitrate percolation control were less on sandy loam soils.     

液相色谱柱前衍生法检测水中无机一氯胺研究

采用高效液相色谱柱前衍生法建立了水中无机一氯胺(NH2Cl)的检测方法,该方法可以有效区分水中的无机氯胺和有机氯胺。以2-巯基苯并噻唑(2-MBTZ)作为衍生剂,以乙腈和水作为淋洗液,选取Sun FireTMC18分析柱,发现无机一氯胺的衍生产物(2-MBTZNH2)得到了良好的分离。结果表明,在优化衍生反应时间、衍生剂投加量和衍生反应温度条件下,无机一氯胺质量浓度与衍生产物峰面积在0.10~10.00 mg/L的范围内具有良好的线性关系(R2=0.999)。采用液相色谱柱前衍生法测定无机一氯胺的精密度为2.5%~3.4%,检出限为0.013 mg/L,在已知无机一氯胺质量浓度(0.26 mg/L)水样中的加标回收率为93.5%~113.4%,在实际水样中的加标回收率92.6%~106.0%。研究表明,该液相色谱柱前衍生法操作简单方便,测定的无机一氯胺浓度与衍生产物峰面积具有良好的线性关系,同时具有较好的精密度和加标回收率,可用于水中无机一氯胺的分析和检测。     

氨排放对华北典型地区冬季二次无机盐生成的影响

为研究氨排放对冬季PM_(2.5)中二次无机盐的影响,设置不同排放情景,应用CMAQ模式对华北地区典型城市——保定冬季无机盐进行了模拟研究。结果表明:将氨气在模式中排放置零的情景下,无机盐质量浓度降低了67.08%;氨排放削减与二次无机盐生成呈非线性关系,大气呈"氨限制"状态;氨排放削减能够有效抑制二次无机盐的生成,当削减幅度为50%时无机盐总体降幅达29.89%,其中硝酸盐、铵盐和硫酸盐降幅分别为53.78%、27.87%和5.64%;氨排放对重污染时段二次无机盐的生成贡献较高,当氨削减幅度为50%时无机盐总体降低40.58%;在当前大气环境下,氨排放削减是保定市冬季控制二次无机盐污染的重要途径。     

Carbon isotope effects during precipitation of barium carbonate: implications for environmental studies

Here we demonstrate that precipitation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to at pH 10.26, 11.38 and 12.11 does not cause measurable carbon isotope fractionation. However, NaOH solution prepared under standard laboratory procedure and used to increase pH value for precipitation of BaCO₃ can be contaminated by atmospheric CO₂. In our experiment, δ¹³C value in the contaminant DIC was −24.30‰, which resulted in decrease in the δ¹³C(DIC) value by 0.03, 0.07 and 0.22 at pH 10.26, 11.38 and 12.11, respectively.