Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of intracranial haemorrhage: Report of a case with a sinusoidal fetal heart rate tracing,and review of the literature

The sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern has been described in association with severe fetal anaemia, with fetal hypoxaemia, and with the administration of parenteral narcotics. Here, we report a case of decreased fetal movement in which a sinusoidal tracing was recorded. The sonographic diagnosis of a massive fetal intracranial haemorrhage was made. A non-interventive approach was taken and the fetus died soon after in utero. We review 28 previous cases in which the prenatal sonographic diagnosis of fetal intracranial haemorrhage was made, including the underlying maternal and fetal factors and neonatal outcomes. We propose that the sinusoidal tracing in this case was due to the intracranial bleed and suggest that fetal intracranial haemorrhage be considered in the sonographic evaluation of the fetus with a sinusoidal pattern.     

DNA-based carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1A)

We describe molecular prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection of tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1A) in two families. In one family, we carried out DNA-based prenatal diagnosis of OCA1A. In the other family, mutation analysis and carrier detection obviated the need for prenatal diagnosis. Molecular analysis is safer and probably more accurate than fetoscopy and fetal scalp biopsy, and should become the method of first choice for prenatal diagnosis of OCA1.     

Prenatal diagnosis in two cases of de novo complex balanced chromosomal rearrangements. Three-year follow-up in one case

We report two cases of apparently balanced complex de novo chromosomal rearrangements (BCCR) detected prenatally at 17 weeks and 10 weeks of gestation, respectively. Chromosomes were studied using GTG-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). In one case four chromosomes and in the other case three chromosomes were involved in the rearrangements. One of the pregnancies was terminated and no external or internal abnormalities were detected at autopsy. The other pregnancy continued to term. Level III ultrasound examination showed no abnormalities. The child is now 3 years old and has neither congenital anomalies nor evidence of delayed psychomotor development.     

An investigation of methods for enriching trophoblast from maternal blood

Trophoblast deportation is known to occur in normal human pregnancy, but it is not yet clear whether these cells routinely enter the maternal peripheral circulation and are available as a source of fetal DNA for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders. To resolve this issue requires an efficient method of enriching trophoblast from maternal blood combined with a means to confirm its identity. Five different techniques were tested on ten retroplacental blood samples to determine the most sensitive and operator-efficient method. Lysis of red cells alone gave the best recovery of trophoblast but had to be discounted, together with Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, due to the very low purity and the excessive time required. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of pre-enriched trophoblast resulted in the lowest recovery rate (8 per cent) despite a 3250-fold enrichment and a very high purity. Immunomagnetic beads (Dynabeads) coated with anti-CD 16 antibody proved to be the best method for the subsequent immunocytochemical characterization of deported trophoblast. However, IO beads coated with anti-CD45 antibody may be more useful for isolating trophoblast for prenatal diagnosis due to the high purity, enrichment (32-fold), and recovery rate (78 per cent) obtained with this method.     

Ultrasonography in pregnancy and fetal abnormalities: Screening or diagnostic test? IPIMC 1986–1990 register data

The aim of the present study was to assess the sensitivity of ultrasound diagnosis used as a screening test in detecting major congenital anomalies in the prenatal period in a large nation-based multicentre setting. Data from the IPIMC register were collected in the period 1986–1990. One hundred and thirty-five hospitals, located in 17 out of the 20 regions in Italy, participated in the register. Study cases were 3479 infants with major congenital anomalies diagnosed at birth or in the first week of life. Subjects with chromosomal anomalies or multiple defects were excluded. The sensitivity of ultrasound prenatal diagnosis was 49.5 per cent for central nervous system anomalies, 3.8 per cent for congenital heart diseases, 17.1 per cent for gastrointestinal tract defects, 46.6 per cent for abdominal wall defects, 74.8 per cent for urinary tract anomalies, and 22.9 per cent for skeletal abnormalities. The detection rate for diaphragmatic hernia was 24.2 per cent. Overall, only 18 per cent of the defects diagnosed in utero were detected before 24 weeks' gestation. The sensitivity of prenatal diagnosis was 30.1 and 19.0 per cent in the northern, central, and southern regions, respectively. In light of its low sensitivity, ultrasonography as a screening test in the general population should be abandoned, although some improvement in its performance should be expected following adequate training of the ultrasound staff and the use of good technical equipment.     

三峡库区典型流域水华暴发评价函数模型研究

藻类在光照充足时将无机磷酸和ADP转化为ATP以储备能量,外部条件改变时,则ATP可逆转换为ADP以释放能量.在此理论框架下根据三峡库区典型流域水华暴发时的现场监测数据研究了绿藻光合磷酸化的活化能ΔE、计算了库区流域中若干水系在不同水文条件下提供的有效能量Δe和综合营养指数TLI(Σ),并以ΔE、Δe和TLI(Σ)为参数构建了预测和判断不同水域环境中水华是否暴发的水华暴发评价函数F,在考虑外部因素和内部因素对水华暴发影响程度的大量计算和分析的基础上,确定了ΔE、Δe和TLI(Σ)的相关权重分别为a₁=0.3,a₂=0.3,a₃=0.4.模型计算和实地验证表明:F比单纯的TLI(Σ)作为水华暴发或者水体富营养化的判据更合理,更有说服力和更具普适性.     

异波折板水解酸化-A~2O一体化反应器实验研究

设计了异波折板水解酸化-A2O一体化反应器,进行生活污水处理的实验研究。10个月的实验结果表明,系统的最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为8 h时,最适COD进水浓度为240~600 mg/L,最佳混合液回流比(r)-污泥回流比(R)为250%~100%。控制反应器于以上运行参数下,25±2℃所对应的COD、TN和TP去除率分别为96.84%、67.55%和81.92%。当温度降至7℃时,其COD、TP和TN分别降至86.35%、50.25%和65.68%。基于实验分析结果,阐明了一体化反应器高效性的机理在于异波折板水解酸化段具有高效传质特性和A2O段具有复合式活性污泥-接触氧化好氧池的特点。     

一体化臭氧-曝气生物滤池处理酸性玫瑰红印染模拟废水

针对含酸性玫瑰红印染废水高色度、难生物降解的特点,分别采用了一体化和分离式臭氧-曝气生物滤池(O3-BAF)工艺处理。与分离式工艺相比,一体化工艺的特点是在一个反应器内部同时实现臭氧氧化和生化的协同作用,降低了处理设施的基建和运行费用。实验结果表明,一体化工艺处理效果明显优于分离式工艺,脱色率达92%,COD去除率达60%,处理效果良好。     

纤维素降解细菌筛选及降解特性分析

基于获得高效纤维素降解细菌的目的,通过LB培养基的培养以及刚果红培养基的筛选,从牛粪堆肥中筛选获得2株高效纤维素降解细菌。经鉴定,分别为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。所筛选得到的菌种具有很高的滤纸降解能力,可在6d内使滤纸剧烈崩溃,振摇成均匀糊状;其中,地衣芽胞杆菌的羧甲基纤维素钠酶活峰值在发酵第4天达到峰值(237U/g)。     

基于Global-Malmquist-Luenberger指数的沿海地带陆海统筹发展水平测度及区域差异分析

沿海地区是陆海统筹发展的区域载体,基于沿海省市的陆海复合系统进行陆海统筹发展的区域评估对海洋强国建设的理论与实践具有重要意义。论文以陆海复合经济地域系统为前提,将沿海城市形成的区域作为沿海地带,基于各沿海城市的集合作为省级沿海地带进行比较分析,建立包括经济、社会、生态以及环境4个维度指标体系,在考虑“非期望”产出的情况下运用Global-Malmquist-Luenberger（GML）指数测算沿海地带陆海统筹发展水平并进行区域差异分析。结果表明：第一,总体上,沿海地带陆海统筹发展水平全要素生产增长率大多处于无效率状态,且不考虑非期望产出明显高估了全要素生产增长率的增长;时间上,陆域、海洋以及陆海综合GML指数的变动趋于一致,呈平稳的态势;效率分解,陆海统筹发展水平全要素生产率下降明显是由规模效率变动和技术规模变动的下降所影响。第二,沿海地带正经历从“重陆轻海”到逐步实现陆海统筹发展的过程;对沿海地带陆海统筹发展水平空间差异进行分类,浙江、福建及河北属于陆域效率驱动型,环渤海地区（除河北外）、江苏、广西和海南属于海洋效率驱动型,上海和广东属于陆海效率复合型;区域差异形成的原因主要有产业结构差异、海洋产业技术门槛、海洋资源承载力以及政府政策。