建筑设计防火审核的方法与应用软件研究

提出了采用“防火审核表”进行建筑设计防火审核的方法，设计了防火审计表，并以石油化工企业设计防火审计为例，研制了应用软件，可供有关部门参考应用。     

MBR工艺处理综合医院污水

本文介绍了综合医院污水治理采用的MBR工艺方法.工程核心构筑物——MBR反应器经调试试运行后,达到了预期的安全、高效的设计原则,为我国综合医院污水的治理提供了技术改造要点及可行性经验.     

杭州湾南岸20 a水质净化功能变化及预测

区域水质净化功能及其影响因素的研究,对深入了解区域水质净化潜力,指导因地制宜的区域总体规划方案与环境保护措施具有重要的现实意义.研究区位于杭州湾南岸,是陆海相互作用的典型区域,承载着重要的经济发展及生态环境功能.基于收集的地形和土地利用类型数据,结合基于站点的气象数据,采用生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估模型（InVEST模型）中的水质净化模型,研究杭州湾南岸氮（N）、磷（P）的负荷量、输出量和净化量的时空演变特征,探索不同发展情境下研究区域水质净化功能的差异.结果表明,时间上,N和P的输出量以及净化量在两年中存在明显差异,相比2000年,2020年研究区域N总负荷量减少276.72 t,输出量减少140.86 t,净化量减少137.86 t;P总负荷量增加93.65 t,输出量增加28.91 t,净化量增加64.74 t;空间上,N、P输出量空间分布趋势大致相同,总体呈现北高南低以及南部部分区域为高值的特征,与土地利用类型密切相关;基于不同情景的模拟分析表明,在自然发展优先情景下,研究区N、P的输出量分别为1 682.36 t和115.50 t,在经济发展优先情景下,区域N、P的输出量分别增加约83.02%和79.93%,在环境保护情景下,区域N、P的输出量分别减少约为79.96%和56.44%.因此环境保护发展优先情景,能有效地减少区域N和P的输出,提高水质净化功能.研究结果为制定区域陆海统筹的规划方案,促进研究区域内经济和生态的协同发展提供了坚实的理论基础.     

陶粒复合垂直流人工湿地对污水季节性处理效果的试验研究

研究了四种陶粒组合、一种石灰石碎石5套复合垂直流人工湿地在不同季节处理生活污水的运行效果。结果表明:陶粒组合人工湿地系统对COD、TP、NH3-N的去除效果均优于石灰石碎石湿地;复合垂直流人工湿地对COD的去除效果在冬季有所下降,但仍保持在50%以上;湿地系统对TP去除率受季节性变化影响不显著,但随着复合垂直流人工湿地系统的运行,基质层对TP的吸附逐渐饱和,去除效率缓慢下降;1号~5号人工湿地对氨氮的去除率分别从秋季42.0%、55.1%、61.1%、49.9%、50.2%下降至冬季21.9%、31.0%、36.5%、28.5%、29.2%,春、夏季处理效率开始回升,并保持稳定的状态。     

软土地区风井风口施工对下部既有越江隧道影响的数值分析

上海在区间隧道上方建造风井在国内尚属首例。随着人们绿色环保意识的增强,隧道通风井将会越来越多地修建在远离都市核心区的区间隧道的上方,因而研究风口基坑施工引起区间隧道位移的变化将会是岩土工程领域的又一崭新问题。本文结合上海人民路隧道风井风口基坑工程,针对是否降低承压水水位2种工况,采用M IDA S-GTS软件,对既有盾构隧道隆起进行数值模拟,从理论上量化在这2种工况下隧道的变形程度,探讨该方法的可行性,为最终选择何种工况施工提供了理论指导。实际的监测数据验证了本文方法的可行性,为今后的相关工程建设提供了一个成功范例。     

大型河谷场地地震动特性研究

采用有限差分方法,通过算例研究了大型河谷场地地震动特性分析中的人工边界的选取方法,对比分析了不同人工边界的选取对数值模拟结果的影响,确定了散射场地震反应分析输入边界的地震动输入方法,认为在进行有限差分动力计算时,模型两侧施加自由场边界的模拟效果要优于两侧施加粘性边界的模拟效果;同时,对FLAC计算软件进行二次开发,对2个地形差异较大的河谷场地,采用线性和非线性摩尔-库仑模型进行了地震反应对比分析,研究了河谷场地地震动幅值和频谱特性随地形变化的规律。模拟数据表明,河谷场地谷底处地震动基本无放大作用,地势凸起处放大作用则较为明显;当考虑土体非线性时,随着地震动强度的增加,放大作用逐渐减小;谱分析结果表明,地势凸起处受高频地震动的影响显著,而地势平坦的谷底则受低频地震动的影响显著。     

案例—数据集成驱动的CI抗灾能力评估指标选择

关键基础设施（CI）是维持社会大系统正常运行的重要组成部分,是复杂的网络巨系统,而CI抗灾能力评估指标需具有系统性、客观性和一致性。案例驱动与数据驱动在能力评估指标选择中各有优势,亦相互支持。依靠案例驱动,可以把握历史经验,引导CI抗灾能力评估的情景设计及全局指标选择改进;借助数据驱动,可以发现潜在的微观指标,通过数据分析引导抗灾能力评估微观指标体系改进与完善。集成这2种评估驱动方法,提出CI抗灾能力评估指标选择的案例-数据集成驱动框架,并结合用例验证评估方法的有效性。     

Water-smart growth planning: linking water and land in the arid urbanizing American West

Linking water and land is essential in planning for the future of the western United States. We propose the concept of ‘water-smart growth’ and explore its implications through incorporating water considerations into the SLEUTH land-use model. The urban growth trajectory in Cache County, Utah, is modeled from 2007 to 2030 under four different scenarios: current trend; smart growth; water-smart growth with moderate implementation; and water-smart growth with full implementation. Comparisons of simulation results illustrate the extent and ways in which water-smart growth would alter current established land-use growth patterns. The approach represents an initial step to better integrate land and water in urban growth modeling and planning. This study's purposes are to provide improved understanding and representation of linkages between water and land in urbanizing environments, offer insights from a set of modeled options, and demonstrate the significance of integrating land and water in planning practices.     

An Open Source GIS‐Based Decision Support System for Watershed Evaluation of Best Management Practices

Economic costs, water quantity/quality benefits, and cost effectiveness of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) at a watershed scale are increasingly examined using integrated economic‐hydrologic models. However, these models are typically complex and not user‐friendly for examining the effects of various BMP scenarios. In this study, an open source geographic information system (GIS)‐based decision support system (DSS), named the watershed evaluation of BMPs (WEBs), was developed for creating BMP scenarios and simulating economic costs and water quantity/quality benefits at farm field, subbasin, and watershed scales. This DSS or WEBs interface integrated a farm economic model, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and an optimization model within Whitebox Geospatial Analysis Tools (GAT), an open source GIS software. The DSS was applied to the 14.3‐km² Gully Creek watershed, a coastal watershed in southern Ontario, Canada that drains directly into Lake Huron. BMPs that were evaluated included conservation tillage, nutrient management, cover crop, and water and sediment control basins. In addition to assessing economic costs, water quantity/quality benefits, and cost effectiveness of BMPs, the DSS can be also used to examine prioritized BMP types/locations and corresponding economic and water quantity/quality tradeoffs in the study watershed based on environmental targets or budget constraints. Further developments of the DSS including interface transfer to other watersheds are also discussed. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.