安全科学的体系架构与学科交叉

安全科学是研究人类安全活动规律及其应用的一门大综合性交叉学科,其主要研究是怎样才算安全和怎样才能安全。安全学科与其存在领域的学科交叉,产生了交叉科学学科,既不能归属于自然科学学科,也不能归属于社会科学学科,既不属于纵向科学学科,又不属于横向科学学科。安全科学学科因无本身的专属领域,必需从科学内涵与发展趋势、安全科学学科的诞生、研究对象、体系构架及与其他学科交叉关系等学科的本质属性（即基本特征）上研究分析,对安全科学进行纵向科学分类和横向理论分层,提出了包括8个分支学科及其4个理论层次的安全科学学科体系构架。证明了其不可替代性,且是一门由自然科学、社会科学和技术科学交叉的科学学科,同数学、自然学科、系统学科、哲学、社会学科、思维学科等都有密切的联系。     

美国Surfer 8.0软件在地下水环境质量评价中的应用

通过Surfer 8.0软件在某地地下水环境评价中的应用实例,重点阐述了其在浅层地下水污染物浓度空间分布图绘制、地下水质量分区图绘制、地下水污染分区图绘制、区域地下水污染趋势分析、地下水污染原因分析等方面的应用。     

环境监测人员持证上岗理论考试命题软件设计和开发研究

密切结合环境监测人员持证上岗考核工作需要,以《环境监测人员持证上岗考核试题集》为基础题库,设计并开发了环境监测人员持证上岗理论考试命题软件,实现了申报、组卷、证书的一体化系统管理,有效地解决了由于考核对象广泛、岗位设置多样、考核项目和监测方法繁多等带来的命题工作量大、内容不易均衡等难题,克服了命题过程中的个人主观因素影...     

矩形和钟形震源时间函数对地震动模拟结果的影响比较

首先介绍了用于地震动数值模拟的国际通用软件COMPSYN程序,并对此进行了二次开发,将其震源时间函数由矩形函数改为钟形函数,通过与全空间的解析解计算结果的对比,验证了修改后程序的正确性.通过对比2种震源时间函数的频谱特点,指出矩形函数的高频成分丰富,不利于地震动的模拟.2种震源时间函数下用COMPSYN程序对同一观测点...     

Water for Sustainable Development in Africa

Water is a precious yet non-renewable resource. Yet in Africa, the same water can be a source of life and death. Water is not only the most basic of need but also at the centre of sustainable development and essential for poverty eradication. Water is intimately linked to health, agriculture, energy and biodiversity. Without progress on water, reaching other Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will be difficult if not impossible. The fight against poverty will remain a pipe dream.A lot of activities have been undertaken with the aim of highlighting the importance of water, linking water with sustainable development and indeed developing strategies for resolving the ever-increasing problems of water. These include the adoption of the Africa Water Vision in The Hague, Netherlands in March, 2000.In order to address the many problems of water in Africa especially related to the coordination of the increasing number of initiatives in the Water sector in Africa, the African Water Task Force (AWTF) was established.As part of developing solutions to the African water crisis, the AWTF held a regional conference in Accra Ghana. Some of the emerging issues from the Accra Conference are highlighted in the Accra declaration.This paper highlights the linkages between water and sustainable development, water and poverty and the many facets that relate to water. It mainly addresses issues of water from the African perspective. A number of key events that have taken place and which have served as a basis for many policy pronouncements have been given.The last section concentrates on what happened to water at the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg in September 2002.     

一体化与多中心:黄河流域水管理模式初探

结合黄河漉域水质水量管理的现状．在分析国外流域水质水量管理方面的经验和发展趋势的基础上．提出了在黄河漉域实施水质水量一体化管理的框架建议，并对黄河广泛分布的灌区水管理提出了准多中心的制度安排建议。     

综合环境条件下电子装备贮存寿命加速试验方法研究

目的通过加速试验评估典型电子装备在综合环境应力条件下的剩余贮存寿命。方法针对电子装备在贮存过程中受综合环境因素影响的特点,提出一种综合考虑温度-振动-电应力等环境条件的加速试验方法,以已经达到设计贮存寿命的某典型电子装备为试验对象,开展温度-振动-电应力综合加速寿命试验。结果通过4个月左右的综合环境条件贮存加速试验,验证和评估了典型电子装备具备5年的剩余贮存寿命,取得了良好的试验效果。结论综合环境条件加速试验充分考虑了装备寿命期经受的环境因素,能够准确模拟装备服役期间各种环境应力叠加效应以及不同任务阶段环境因素的累积效应。     

大型复杂电子系统开展“五性”一体化设计的必要性

本文首先对大型复杂电子系统的特点及"五性"一体化设计的思想进行了阐述,进而结合工程实际,分析了当前"五性"设计存在的问题,提出开展"五性"一体化设计是解决上述问题的根本出路,并提出了相应建议措施,对如何建立"五性"指标体系、综合设计模型、"五性"一体化信息平台进行了一定的阐述。     

Economics of salt‐induced land degradation and restoration

Food security concerns and the scarcity of new productive land have put productivity enhancement of degraded lands back on the political agenda. In such a context, salt‐affected lands are a valuable resource that cannot be neglected nor easily abandoned even with their lower crop yields, especially in areas where significant investments have already been made in irrigation and drainage infrastructure. A review of previous studies shows a very limited number of highly variable estimates of the costs of salt‐induced land degradation combined with methodological and contextual differences. Simple extrapolation suggests that the global annual cost of salt‐induced land degradation in irrigated areas could be US$ 27.3 billion because of lost crop production. We present selected case studies that highlight the potential for economic and environmental benefits of taking action to remediate salt‐affected lands. The findings indicate that it can be cost‐effective to invest in sustainable land management in countries confronting salt‐induced land degradation. Such investments in effective remediation of salt‐affected lands should form part of a broader strategy for food security and be defined in national action plans. This broader strategy is required to ensure the identification and effective removal of barriers to the adoption of sustainable land management, such as perverse subsidies. Whereas reversing salt‐induced land degradation would require several years, interim salinity management strategies could provide a pathway for effective remediation and further showcase the importance of reversing land degradation and the rewards of investing in sustainable land management.     

长三角一体化高质量发展：内涵、现状及对策

推动长三角一体化发展是着眼于实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标谋划部署的重大国家战略。本文首先解析了长三角一体化发展的新态势,提出了长三角一体化高质量发展的“四更”内涵,即更高战略定位的一体化、更高效率和水平的一体化、更加协调的一体化与更优空间形态的一体化。重点回顾总结了长三角一体化发展上升为国家战略三年多以来开展的主要行动和工作成效,按照高质量发展就是贯彻新发展理念的基本逻辑,构建了体现创新、协调、绿色、开放和共享五大理念的长三角一体化高质量发展评价指标体系,评估了2018—2020年长三角一体化高质量发展状态。对照一体化高质量发展新要求,针对目前存在问题,从空间部署和重点领域等方面提出相关路径建议,以期为推动长三角一体化更高质量发展提供决策参考。