基于.NET自然环境试验管理系统的设计与实现

针对自然环境试验站日常管理中面临的问题,基于．NET技术建立了B／S结构的自然环境试验站管理系统。该系统由试验过程管理和历史数据管理两部分组成,采用C#语言编制,界面为Windows传统风格,简洁友好,操作方便。该系统可有效提高试验站管理水平,实现高效、精细化的管理目标。     

Kibale Forest Wild Coffee: Challenges to Market‐Based Conservation in Africa

Abstract: Declining rural security and pressures to reduce public‐sector expenditures in the late 1990s spurred efforts to develop alternative funding models for Uganda's Kibale National Park (KNP). The Wild Coffee Project, established in 1999 with support from the U.S. Agency for International Development, the World Bank, and the Ford Foundation, sought to develop a market for wild coffee that had been harvested traditionally from areas within today's KNP. The Kibale Forest Foundation, a U.S.‐based nonprofit organization, was created to legalize harvests, obtain third‐party wild and organic certification, and coordinate management between KNP, the coffee industry, and local communities. Although the project was successful in legalizing, harvesting, and processing the world's first certified wild and organic coffee, efforts to gain entry into the international marketplace failed. Chief among the lessons learned from this project is that for many wild‐grown products, the value of “the story”—in both human and conservation terms—is likely to far exceed actual product values. This value differential should be captured through high‐value niche markets to avoid low commodity pricing and subsequent pressures to improve financial returns through over harvesting. In addition, local producers should hold significant assets in whatever brands are developed, creating a shared‐equity approach that serves social responsibility goals, fosters project sustainability, and ensures a steady stream of positive stories for use in marketing to build brand value. Shared equity—in this case ownership interest in the intellectual property embodied in the brand—provides a second incentive beyond transactional profits that can only be realized if resource conservation is maintained.     

西南地区公路洪灾孕灾环境分区

以西南地区公路洪灾为研究对象，在孕灾因子分析基础上构建由6个因子组成的孕灾环境分区指标体系，利用层次分析和专家效度相耦合方法确定各指标权重，采用综合指数法建立孕灾环境综合指数评价模型。在ArcGIS软件平台支持下获取各评价指标数据，并计算得到各网格孕灾环境综合指数值，以县级行政区为单位进行公路洪灾孕灾等级区的划分。研究表明：西南地区孕育公路洪灾发生的环境条件较充分，孕灾环境综合指数值在3313~7746，孕灾分区主要集中在中易发区和高易发区，其中高易发区占整个研究区面积的5718%，中易发区占4039%，低易发区占243%，公路管理部门在汛期防治洪灾的任务较繁重     

Pragmatic Approaches for Water Management Under Climate Change Uncertainty1

Stakhiv, Eugene Z., 2011. Pragmatic Approaches for Water Management Under Climate Change Uncertainty. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1183–1196. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00589.x Abstract: Water resources management is in a difficult transition phase, trying to accommodate large uncertainties associated with climate change while struggling to implement a difficult set of principles and institutional changes associated with integrated water resources management. Water management is the principal medium through which projected impacts of global warming will be felt and ameliorated. Many standard hydrological practices, based on assumptions of a stationary climate, can be extended to accommodate numerous aspects of climate uncertainty. Classical engineering risk and reliability strategies developed by the water management profession to cope with contemporary climate uncertainties can also be effectively employed during this transition period, while a new family of hydrological tools and better climate change models are developed. An expansion of the concept of “robust decision making,” coupled with existing analytical tools and techniques, is the basis for a new approach advocated for planning and designing water resources infrastructure under climate uncertainty. Ultimately, it is not the tools and methods that need to be revamped as much as the suite of decision rules and evaluation principles used for project justification. They need to be aligned to be more compatible with the implications of a highly uncertain future climate trajectory, so that the hydrologic effects of that uncertainty are correctly reflected in the design of water infrastructure.     

应用电致化学发光分子探针技术对微小原甲藻的检测

以双特异分子探针技术(NPA-SH)为基础,运用电致化学发光技术(ECL)和磁性微球分选技术对其进行改进,成功建立了用于赤潮藻类定性定量分析的电致化学发光分子探针(ECL-MP)检测新技术.设计微小原甲藻特异性NPA探针并对其进行联吡啶钌和生物素标记,优化磁性微球使用量,在ECL检测装置中启动电化学反应,建立光信号与微小原甲藻细胞数目间的ECL-MP分析曲线并对其进行验证.结果表明,标记后的NPA探针具有一定的特异性和实用性;4μg是检测20μL目标藻杂交混合液的最适磁性微球使用量;在最适条件下,微小原甲藻细胞数的线性分析范围6.25×102～4×104个;比较ECL-MP和显微计数方法的样品检测结果,在95%置信区间内二者无显著差异(t-检验).ECL-MP方法为实现微小原甲藻现场样品的快速准确检测提供了一种新方法.     

雅安市青衣江流域乡镇污水处理情况的研究

通过对青衣江流域周公河、陇西河支流现有的25个乡镇一体化小型污水站运行情况进行水环境质量监测,用实验室方法分析其中水温、pH、CODCr、 BOD5、悬浮物、氨氮(以N计)、总磷(以P计)等项目,进一步了解乡镇污水站的运行状况和污水处理效果.调查研究表明:25个乡镇污水站处理排放达标率均值不足40％,处理效果从高到低依...     

密云水库及其流域营养物集成模拟的情景分析研究

在密云水库水环境模拟预测集成模型的支持下,考察了不同点源、非点源污染负荷控制措施对水库水质的影响和作用,制定了4个情景方案.基础情景分析表明,密云水库TN超标严重,TP相对较好,叶绿素浓度超过10μg/L的区域主要集中在潮河库区,而且面积较大.情景1、情景2和情景3是考虑了不同点源、非点源管理措施后的密云水库水质状况.结果表明,营养负荷的下降能显著地改善水体水质,尤其是磷负荷的降低可有效地制约藻类生长,叶绿素浓度显著降低,超过10μg/L的区域缩小甚至消失.这一结论说明了加强密云水库流域及周边地区工业、生活和畜禽养殖等点源和农业非点源污染控制对改善密云水库水质的有效性和必要性.     

A study on experts' judgement on the future perspective of a country: a case study for China

The future of the environment in China until the year 2050 has been forecasted through a heuristic approach. A questionnaire survey was given to a group of Japanese experts concerning 47 selected indices, including past data and reference data about other countries. The indices were related to aspects of the economy, population, food, energy, transportation, and the environment. The experts were requested to plot a graph for each index up to 2050 based on their intuition. The lines drawn by 60 experts were compiled along with their comments, and the characteristics of each index were analyzed. Different values for the indices regarding transportation and per capita GDP were forecasted by the experts, while rather similar values were obtained for those referencing population and food consumption. The respective fields of the experts were found to affect their perspectives on the future. Economists tended to show rather optimistic views, expressing a business-as-usual scenario, while engineers predicted limited growth but technological innovation.     

高产淡水鱼生产区农户生态系统综合功能效益评价

本文采用综合评价法,对高产淡水鱼生产区——浙江省湖州市菱湖镇郊15个农户的综合功能效益作了调查研究。结果表明,仅有少数农户综合功能效益水平较高,具有生产资料较完备,充分利用系统内部资源及各业之间密切配合,生产技术和经营水平较高,注意闲季户外收入等特点;大多数农户的综合功能效益水平则较低,尚有较大的潜力。池塘水体富营养化、水体污染及市场影响是所有农户的共同问题,急需采取有效措施加以解决。     

Biodiversity Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes: Challenges and Opportunities of Coffee Agroforests in the Western Ghats,India

Abstract: The new approaches advocated by the conservation community to integrate conservation and livelihood development now explicitly address landscape mosaics composed of agricultural and forested land rather than only protected areas and largely intact forests. We refer specifically to a call by Harvey et al. (2008) to develop a new approach based on six strategies to integrate biodiversity conservation with sustainable livelihoods in Mesoamerican landscape mosaics. We examined the applicability of this proposal to the coffee agroforests of the Western Ghats, India. Of the six strategies, only one directly addresses livelihood conditions. Their approach has a clear emphasis on conservation and, as currently formulated risks repeating the failures of past integrated conservation and development projects. It fails to place the aspirations of farmers at the core of the agenda. Thus, although we acknowledge and share the broad vision and many of the ideas proposed by this approach, we urge more balanced priority setting by emphasizing people as much as biodiversity through a careful consideration of local livelihood needs and aspirations.