跨流域调水工程的生态影响识别及评价指标体系研究

跨流域调水人为地改变了地区水情,势必会改变原有的生态环境.以兴宁市东江引水工程为例,为识别跨流域调水工程的生态影响,应充分考虑跨流域调水对水源区、输水区和受水区的生态影响特征,利用矩阵法识别引水工程的主要生态影响,从物理化学系统、生物系统、社会经济系统三方面构建兴宁市东江引水工程对水源区、输水区和受水区的生态影响评价指标体系,并根据工程目标确定指标权重的选取原则及结果,对于科学合理地评价跨流域调水工程的生态影响具有重要意义.     

The nuclear disaster management system in Taiwan: a case study of the third (Maanshan) nuclear power plant

This paper explores the effectiveness of the nuclear disaster management system in Taiwan via a review of the third (Maanshan) nuclear power plant. In doing so, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan on 11 March 2011 is reviewed and compared with the situation in Taiwan. The latter's nuclear disaster management system is examined with respect to three key variables: information; mobilisation; and inter‐organisational cooperation. In‐depth interviews with 10 policy stakeholders with different backgrounds serve as the research method. The results point up the need for improvement in all dimensions. In addition, they highlight three principal problems with the nuclear disaster management system: (i) it might not be possible to provide first‐hand nuclear disaster information immediately to the communities surrounding the Maanshan facility in Pingtung County, southern Taiwan; (ii) the availability of medical resources for treating radiation in Hengchun Township is limited; and (iii) the inter‐organisational relationships for addressing nuclear disasters need to be strengthened. Hence, cooperation among related organisations is necessary.     

构建中国跨流域调水生态补偿法律关系的法律思考研究——基于跨流域调水水权转让的动态视角

跨流域调水的生态补偿成为实现公平的方式已为越来越多的国家和地区所接受。而当前中国的跨流域调水的生态补偿是国家和政府主导型的,然而单靠国家和政府的力量是有限的。市场是资源优化配置的最佳选择,因此,引入市场机制对跨流域调水进行生态补偿,是十分有效的。通过对跨流域调水生态补偿法律关系的介绍来引出构建中国今后跨流域调水生态补偿法律关系的三要素是本文的主要内容。     

Cracking the humanitarian logistic coordination challenge: lessons from the urban search and rescue community

The challenges of achieving successful inter‐agency logistic coordination in preparing for and responding to natural disasters and complex emergencies are both well understood and well documented. However, although many of these challenges remain unresolved, the literature reveals that the organisations that form the urban search and rescue (USAR) community have attained a high level of coherence and interoperability that results in a highly efficient and effective response. Therefore, this paper uses the idea of ‘borrowing’ from other fields as it explores how the processes and procedures used by the USAR community might be applied to improve humanitarian logistic operations. The paper analyses the USAR model and explores how the resultant challenges might be addressed in a humanitarian logistic context. The paper recommends that further research be undertaken in order to develop a modified USAR model that could be operationalised by the international community of humanitarian logisticians.     

Organisational challenges in the United Kingdom's post‐disaster ‘crisis support’ work

Local authorities in the United Kingdom are required to ‘lead’ multi‐agency humanitarian responses to major disasters. Concerns mounted in the late twentieth century that responses to people bereaved in the immediate aftermath of such events at best failed to meet their needs and at worst compounded their distress. Subsequent reviews and reforms reframed some victim needs as ‘rights’ and established legal, administrative, and practice frameworks to improve matters. Local authority ‘crisis support’, provided in partnership with other actors, lies at the heart of the UK's contemporary emergency response to the bereaved. Drawing on primary research on the development and the deployment of crisis support in a local authority, and while acknowledging both incident‐ and context‐related difficulties, this paper considers the significance of challenges with their origins in organisational factors. Recent developments within and between responders may exacerbate them. This paper argues, therefore, that further research into such developments is necessary.     

泸沽湖沉积物－水界面扩散作用对上覆水体基本化学组成的影响

通过云南泸沽湖──半封闭深水湖泊湖水和沉积物孔隙水中Ｃａ２＋、Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋、ＨＣＯ等基本组分及ｐＨ等剖面分布的研究,结果表明,这些基本组分可以自底部沉积物向上覆水体扩散迁移。定量地估算了扩散通量及其对上覆水体的影响程度,说明湖泊沉积物－水界面作用在控制整个水体水化学基本组成中起着重要的作用。     

The effectiveness of marine reserve systems constructed using different surrogates of biodiversity

Biological sampling in marine systems is often limited, and the cost of acquiring new data is high. We sought to assess whether systematic reserves designed using abiotic domains adequately conserve a comprehensive range of species in a tropical marine inter‐reef system. We based our assessment on data from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. We designed reserve systems aiming to conserve 30% of each species based on 4 abiotic surrogate types (abiotic domains; weighted abiotic domains; pre‐defined bioregions; and random selection of areas). We evaluated each surrogate in scenarios with and without cost (cost to fishery) and clumping (size of conservation area) constraints. To measure the efficacy of each reserve system for conservation purposes, we evaluated how well 842 species collected at 1155 sites across the Great Barrier Reef seabed were represented in each reserve system. When reserve design included both cost and clumping constraints, the mean proportion of species reaching the conservation target was 20–27% higher for reserve systems that were biologically informed than reserves designed using unweighted environmental data. All domains performed substantially better than random, except when there were no spatial or economic constraints placed on the system design. Under the scenario with no constraints, the mean proportion of species reaching the conservation target ranged from 98.5% to 99.99% across all surrogate domains, whereas the range was 90–96% across all domains when both cost and clumping were considered. This proportion did not change considerably between scenarios where one constraint was imposed and scenarios where both cost and clumping constraints were considered. We conclude that representative reserve systems can be designed using abiotic domains; however, there are substantial benefits if some biological information is incorporated.     

气候变化对秦皇岛地区降水量影响分析

以秦皇岛市为例,研究了气候变暖对地表降水量的影响.通过对51年来秦皇岛市气候、降水材料的分析得出结论:秦皇岛市近年来明显变暖,年平均气温上升约2℃,同时气候变干,降水量减少18.3%;气候变化会引起水循环的变化及水资源在时空上的重新分布以及水资源总量的改变,对流域内的水资源量影响十分显著.     

跨界融合子处理豆制品废水控制参数局部优化研究

根据跨界融合子基因工程菌降解豆制品废水动力学参数,在流量Ｑ１和出水浓度Ｓｃ设定情况下,推算在自控稳定回流系统中,生物量的停留时间θｃ和相应的比降解率ｑ等参数数值,     

用总有机碳浓度表达活性污泥反应动力学的研究

本研究对废水活性污泥法处理中常用指标ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ５、ＭＬＶＳＳ与总有机磷指标的相关性进行了探讨。