缙云山常绿阔叶林湿沉降过程中不同空间层次水质变化特征

为全面调查森林生态系统各层次降水水质状况以及对降水中各离子的截留特征,于2013年9月至2014年8月对重庆市缙云山常绿阔叶林大气降雨、林内降雨、地表枯透水、土壤渗滤液进行了持续1a的水质效应研究.结果表明,缙云山大气降雨偏酸性(pH=4.75);土壤层和林冠层均能调升降雨的pH值,其中土壤层对pH值的调升幅度最大,其次为森林林冠层.森林林冠层对NO_3~-、Na~+有一定的吸附净化作用,降雨能够淋溶森林林冠层的NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、PO_4~(3-)、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和K~+.另外,枯枝落叶的降解导致构成植物组织的有机物降解为无机物,进而促使各离子质量浓度在地表枯透水中增加.森林土壤中的官能团以及胶体能够吸附并中和渗滤液中的NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、PO_4~(3-)、K~+和Mg~(2+),同时长期处于酸性条件下的土壤层也释放出部分Na~+、PO_4~(3-)和Ca~(2+).该森林生态系统对大气降水中各离子具有较强的截留作用,但各层次对降水中的各离子表现出的截留特征不尽相同,其中以林冠层的截留作用最强.     

合流制排水系统雨天溢流污染CMB法源解析

对上海市某合流制排水系统服务范围内的地表径流、旱流污水和管道沉积物的污染物特性进行检测分析,通过对比不同污染源的污染特征,确定Zn、NH+4-N、P的含量分别在地表径流、旱流污水和管道沉积物中具有特异性且相对稳定,提出以Zn/P、NH+4-N/Zn、P/K这3个无量纲比值作为上述3个排放源各自的特征参数,据此探讨了CMB法在合流制雨天溢流污染源解析中的应用,结果表明,地表径流、旱流污水和管道沉积物对溢流污染的平均贡献率分别为42.8%、12.2%、23.8%,解析结果可基本反映CSO污染的构成情况.研究方法与结果为合流制系统雨天溢流污染源解析提供了参考.     

乌江流域三个梯级水库氮磷形态的比较研究

为揭示河流梯级开发对生源要素氮磷输运的影响,本研究选择乌江流域的普定、乌江渡、思林作为上、中、下游梯级水库的代表,于2020年8月采集各水库水体剖面和沉积物柱样品,测定氮磷含量,并用SMT法提取沉积物磷形态。结果发现,受中下游人为污染输入影响,乌江渡水库水体总氮浓度最高,为3.92±0.50mg/L,总磷浓度在此坝前到下游急剧抬升为上游的2～3倍,达到0.04～0.06mg/L;坝前沉积物含有大量的高释放风险的铁铝活性磷(1310.3±1003.3mg/kg),可能成为下游的潜在污染源。中下游水库较高的生物量加快了氮磷的活化速度,提高了活性磷的浓度,反而减低了沉积物有机磷的生物拦截效率。除乌江渡水库外,其它水库沉积物中以钙结合态磷为主(占无机磷的60%以上)。梯级水库修建后,泥沙含量大幅降低,可能是下游水库沉积物钙结合态磷浓度降低的主要因素。总体上,梯级水库的累积效应使得水库对生源要素的“活化”效率增强、“拦截”效应减弱,增大了富营养化发生的风险。     

城市下水道污水水质模型的开发与应用

建立了下水道水质转化概念模型,以ASM3(活性污泥3号模型)为基础开发了下水道污水水质数学模型,通过模拟试验,运用遗传算法和曲线拟合技术进行了模型率定与参数估值.模型经现场试验验证可较好地模拟下水道中的ρ(DO)与ρ(TOC)的变化.应用该模型进行数值模拟,探讨了初始ρ(DO)和水力停留时间(HRT)等可控因素对下水道中微生物作用及有机质降解的影响.结果表明,在下水道中设置曝气点,可提高污水的ρ(DO),能有效地提高微生物增殖速率,强化有机物的生化降解能力.      

深床过滤颗粒截留机理研究

对深床过滤过程中颗粒物与滤料之间的相互作用进行了理论分析,讨论了两者间的相互作用及影响因素对微絮凝深床过滤进行了中试研究,考察了1～l0μm粒径颗粒在500cm滤床中的截留情况,并连续65h监测滤柱水头损失的变化;在滤速为24m/h情况下,计算了1～10μm粒径颗粒所受的水流剪切力;利用理论分析,分别讨论了表面电位为-25mV及-125mV、粒径为1～10μm的颗粒与滤料之间的物理化学作用力.理论计算值对实验结果进行了很好的解释,说明可以通过颗粒与滤料间的作用力分析来研究均质滤料深床过滤运行规律.     

SNOWPACK CHANGES RESULTING FROM TIMBER HARVEST INTERCEPTION,REDISTRIBUTION, AND EVAPORATION1

ABSTRACT: Three processes were examined as causing snowpack changes in forest clearings. Two of the three contribute to increases and one counteracts by reducing snowpack. The two that increase snowpack are redistribution and decreased loss to interception. Snow evaporation from a clearing counteracts snowpack increases. Research has indicated that as vegetation density increases, so too does the loss to interception. As snow in the canopy reaches the limit that the canopy can hold (the threshold amount) evaporation increases. Aerodynamics of the forest canopy were studied as well. As timber is cut, wind patterns are disturbed, creating disruptions in the wind velocity gradient depositing snow in openings. This redistribution leads to an increased snow water equivalent and augments runoff. Snow evaporation was shown to increase proportionally with opening size. Evaporation offsets the water yield gains derived from forest cut. It was found that this offset is inclusive to the measurements of water yield changes in experimental forests. An optimal size of harvest block may be five tree heights in width as suggested by numerous studies.     

THE COSTS OF CONFLICTING ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: A CASE STUDY IN MILWAUKEE1

ABSTRACT: The history of the Milwaukee water pollution abatement program is examined as a case study to investigate the costs of conflicting environmental policy. The recent U.S. Supreme Court decision concerning the Milwaukee case is described as a milestone in U.S. water pollution abatement policy which will help preclude the type of environmental policy conflict which has been found to be so costly to Milwaukee. The implications to U.S. water pollution abatement policy of the 13-year history of conflict in Milwaukee are presented.     

DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEMS1

In order to cope with the ever increasing problems of the urban environment, new approaches are being sought to their solution. The objective of this paper is to review and evaluate the merits of certain new methods aimed at finding optimal solutions in sewer design. Based on principles similar to the ones advanced by Deininger [1966] and Holland [1968] the authors propose an integer programming algorithm for optimizing pipe sizes and slopes. The new algorithm is applied to an actual situation and compared with a solution arrived at by a traditional design approach.     

COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW CONTROL THROUGH IN-RECEWING WATER STORAGE: AN EFFICIENCY EVALUATION1

ABSTRACT: A demonstration and efficiency evaluation project was conducted for the flow balancing method (FBM) facility, a combined sewer overflow (CSO) storage facility at Fresh Creek in Brooklyn, New York City. The FBM is a curtained tank located directly in the receiving water that captures CSO. The CSO floats on top of and displaces Fresh Creek saltwater before it is pumped back to the publicly owned treatment works (POTW). The facility was a pilot scale subject to the full CSOs. The purpose of the project was to show how the FBM can withstand severe weather and tidal conditions and to develop a procedure for estimating CSO control efficiency (percentage of CSO pumped back to the POTW). The procedure proved successful and incorporated specific conductivity as a tracer in mass balance equations. These equations provided estimates of the net percent, capture-pumpback of the CSO using the FBM, including the amount of Fresh Creek water that was included in the pumpback to the P01W. The efficiency was directly related to the volume of the CSO and the pumpback rate and ranged from a low of 3.3 percent for the largest event to a high of 76.9 percent for the smallest event. Recent FBM enlargement should result in substantial increases in CSO control. The FBM facility has operated successfully for over five years, withstanding ice storms, near hurricane force winds and up to 7 ft tidal range.