新型PEI/PAA复合正渗透膜的制备及性能表征

采用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和聚丙烯酸(PAA)分别作为聚阴阳电解质,间苯二胺(MPD)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)分别为水相和油相单体,依次采用层层自组装(LBL)和界面聚合的方法对聚丙烯腈(PAN)基膜进行改性,探究层层自组装和界面聚合条件对膜性能的影响,并制备新型复合正渗透膜.得出最佳制备条件为:PAA与PEI的沉积时间为10 min,浓度为1 g·L~(-1),pH分别为9和3,支撑盐浓度为1.5 mol·L~(-1),MPD浓度为20 g·L~(-1),水相沉积时间为2 min,TMC浓度为1 g·L~(-1),界面聚合反应时间为60 s,聚电解质层数为2层,在此条件下制得的复合正渗透膜性能优良.以去离子水作为原液,1 mol·L~(-1) NaCl作为汲取液,水通量最高可达26.12 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),反向盐通量为13.08 g·m~(-2)·h~(-1),与基膜相比,复合膜的亲水性能明显提高,抗污染性能提高,为正渗透膜的制备提供了新的方法和思路.     

N-长链碳酰基-L-苯丙氨酸单甲基聚乙二醇酯的合成及其性质研究

以L-苯丙氨酸、长链烷基（C₁₂/C₁₄/C₁₆/C₁₈）酰氯和聚乙二醇单甲醚（MPEG,M_n=350,550,750,1 000 g/mol）为原料,合成了一系列新型非离子型表面活性剂N-长链碳酰基-L-苯丙氨酸单甲基聚乙二醇酯（Rn-L-MPEG）,系统研究了表面张力、界面张力和土壤吸附性与其结构之间的关系。结果表明：随着MPEG分子量的增大,Rn-L-MPEG的表面张力逐渐下降;随着酰氯中烷基链的增长,Rn-L-MPEG的表面张力呈现增大趋势,系列表面活性剂中R12-L-MPEG1000具有最低的表面张力28.11 mN/m;Rn-L-MPEG的界面张力随分子结构变化的规律同表面张力;随着MPEG分子量的增大,Rn-L-MPEG的饱和吸附量逐渐增大,随着酰氯中烷基链的增长,Rn-L-MPEG的饱和吸附量呈现下降趋势。     

醇类助溶剂去除砂土中多氯联苯作用机制

醇类助溶剂单一使用及复配表面活性剂使用去除砂土中多氯联苯(PCBs)的关键是增溶和降低界面张力.通过降低界面张力实验和振荡增溶实验分析了醇类助溶剂单一使用对多氯联苯界面张力的降低作用和增溶作用,以及醇类复配Triton X-100使用时醇对Triton X-100降低界面张力和增溶PCBs的影响.结果表明,醇-PCBs油的界面张力与醇浓度、醇含碳原子数均呈负相关,甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇的最佳解吸浓度分别为70%、55%、40%,最佳解吸效率达90%以上;Triton X-100-PCBs油界面张力与Triton X-100浓度呈负相关,Triton X-100浓度低于3 000 mg/L时复配10%乙醇、10%异丙醇比单一Triton X-100振荡洗脱效率低,Triton X-100浓度在3 000～7 500 mg/L时3组差异不大,Triton X-100浓度为10 000 mg/L时单一、10%乙醇、10%异丙醇TritonX-100溶液解吸效率分别为80.9%、90.36%、89.36%.表明醇类单一使用对降低界面张力与增溶均有很好的效果,但需要其体积分数达40%以上;醇类复配Triton X-100时醇的存在弱化了Triton X-100增溶和降低界面张力的作用,乙醇与异丙醇弱化作用差异性不大,当Triton X-100浓度高于3 000 mg/L时,弱化作用不显著.     

The Influence of Enhanced Side Impact Protection on Kinematics and Injury Measures of Far- or Center-Seated Children in Forward-Facing Child Restraints

Objective: To evaluate the influence of forward-facing child restraint systems’ (FFCRSs) side impact structure, such as side wings, on the head kinematics and response of a restrained, far- or center-seated 3-year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD) in oblique sled tests.

Methods: Sled tests were conducted utilizing an FFCRS with large side wings and with the side wings removed. The CRS were attached via LATCH on 2 different vehicle seat fixtures—a small SUV rear bench seat and minivan rear bucket seat—secured to the sled carriage at 20° from lateral. Four tests were conducted on each vehicle seat fixture, 2 for each FFCRS configuration. A Q3s dummy was positioned in FFCRS according to the CRS owner's manual and FMVSS 213 procedures. The tests were conducted using the proposed FMVSS 213 side impact pulse. Three-dimensional motion cameras collected head excursion data. Relevant data collected during testing included the ATD head excursions, head accelerations, LATCH belt loads, and neck loads.

Results: Results indicate that side wings have little influence on head excursions and ATD response. The median lateral head excursion was 435 mm with side wings and 443 mm without side wings. The primary differences in head response were observed between the 2 vehicle seat fixtures due to the vehicle seat head restraint design. The bench seat integrated head restraint forced a tether routing path over the head restraint. Due to the lateral crash forces, the tether moved laterally off the head restraint reducing tension and increasing head excursion (477 mm median). In contrast, when the tether was routed through the bucket seat's adjustable head restraint, it maintained a tight attachment and helped control head excursion (393 mm median).

Conclusion: This testing illustrated relevant side impact crash circumstances where side wings do not provide the desired head containment for a 3-year-old ATD seated far-side or center in FFCRS. The head appears to roll out of the FFCRS even in the presence of side wings, which may expose the occupant to potential head impact injuries. We postulate that in a center or far-side seating configuration, the absence of door structure immediately adjacent to the CRS facilitates the rotation and tipping of the FFCRS toward the impact side and the roll-out of the head around the side wing structure. Results suggest that other prevention measures, in the form of alternative side impact structure design, FFCRS vehicle attachment, or shared protection between the FFCRS and the vehicle, may be necessary to protect children in oblique side impact crashes.     

总溶解性固体及表面活性剂对微孔曝气氧传质过程影响的中试研究

污水中总溶解性固体(TDS)与表面活性剂的浓度是影响微孔曝气性能的两个重要的因素.本研究以中试为基础,分别研究了TDS及表面活性剂浓度变化对微孔曝气氧传质过程中氧转移系数(KLa)的影响.当TDS浓度在0～1000mg·L-1变化时,氧转移系数KLa变化甚微;当TDS浓度从2000mg·L-1增加到8000mg·L-1时,KLa明显增大;当TDS浓度高于8000mg·L-1时,KLa趋于平缓.当表面活性剂(十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS))的浓度在0～20mg·L-1变化时,KLa先减小,后增大.     

基于声发射技术的T700碳纤维/树脂基体界面性能评估

目的 采用声发射技术,对东丽T700碳纤维和2款树脂基体的界面性能进行评估。方法 通过多组单丝拉伸试验,获取T700碳纤维Weibull形状参数m和尺度参数σ₀。使用单纤维断裂方法,利用声发射技术进行监测,选择声发射信号的幅值和能量作为特征,对T700碳纤维和透明的E51环氧树脂及不透明的聚苯硫醚树脂的单纤维断点数量分别进行评估,并与显微镜观察的数量进行对比。结果 获取了T700碳纤维与2种树脂的单纤维断裂声发射信号特征数值。通过声发射监测和显微镜观察法,测量得T700碳纤维与E51环氧树脂的界面剪切强度分别为44.03、46.47 MPa,偏差在5.5%左右。通过声发射技术,测量得T700碳纤维与聚苯硫醚树脂的界面剪切强度达33.43 MPa。结论 使用声发射技术能够准确监测碳纤维/树脂界面中单纤维的断裂信号,为评价纤维和不透明树脂的界面性能提供了有效方法。     

不同离子注入工艺对45CrMoVE结构钢性能影响研究

目的 通过分析不同元素离子注入对结构钢耐腐蚀能力及力学性能的影响,筛选出最佳注入元素,以改善45CrMoVE结构钢的表面组成,提高其耐腐蚀性能。方法 基于前期研究工艺,开展Mo、Co、Ta、Ti等离子注入技术研究。将注入离子后的结构钢试样放入NaCl溶液中,分析不同元素离子注入对结构钢腐蚀电位的影响,结合盐雾腐蚀试验,研究不同离子注入对结构钢耐腐蚀性能的影响,同时结合X射线衍射技术和力学性能测试,对结构钢试样表面层的物相进行分析,研究离子注入对结构钢力学性能的影响。结果 氯化钠溶液在注入Mo离子后的自然腐蚀电位最高、最正,当基体材料中注入的Mo剂量为3×10¹⁷atoms/cm²时,腐蚀电位接近0.5 V,腐蚀电流最小。注入Mo离子后,试片的耐盐雾腐蚀性能最好。Mo离子与结构钢中的C原子相结合,在结构钢表面层形成较多的MoC和Mo2C等碳化物,提高了结构钢的耐腐蚀性能。离子注入层厚度尺寸小,注入离子后基本不改变基体材料的表面形貌和宏观力学性能。结论 离子注入能够有效改善结构钢的耐腐蚀性能,对于45CrMoVE结构钢试样,当注入3×10¹⁷atoms/cm²剂量的Mo离子、注入能量为130 keV时,离子注入对45CrMoVE结构钢耐腐蚀能力的改善效果最佳。     

黄河水中悬浮粒子对镉离子的交换吸附等温线

研究了黄河水中悬浮粒子对 Cd²⁺ 的交换吸附等温线以及赖氨酸和门冬氨酸对吸附作用的影响．研究结果得到一类具有一个“拐点”、两个“平台”的新型河流等温线,用分级离子交换等温式求出平衡常数 K₁ 和 K₂ ．当低浓度的氨基酸存在时,对镉与悬浮粒子的交换吸附起促进作用．促进作用的程度与氨基酸的等电点有关,赖氨酸的促进作用较门冬氨酸大．     

Spatial distribution of soil heavy metal pollution estimated by different interpolation methods: accuracy and uncertainty analysis

Mapping the spatial distribution of contaminants in soils is the basis of pollution evaluation and risk control. Interpolation methods are extensively applied in the mapping processes to estimate the heavy metal concentrations at unsampled sites. The performances of interpolation methods (inverse distance weighting, local polynomial, ordinary kriging and radial basis functions) were assessed and compared using the root mean square error for cross validation. The results indicated that all interpolation methods provided a high prediction accuracy of the mean concentration of soil heavy metals. However, the classic method based on percentages of polluted samples, gave a pollution area 23.54-41.92% larger than that estimated by interpolation methods. The difference in contaminated area estimation among the four methods reached 6.14%. According to the interpolation results, the spatial uncertainty of polluted areas was mainly located in three types of region: (a) the local maxima concentration region surrounded by low concentration (clean) sites, (b) the local minima concentration region surrounded with highly polluted samples; and (c) the boundaries of the contaminated areas.     

Interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and bacterial loads of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

Pollution by toxic metals including cadmium (Cd) and hypoxia are important stressors in estuaries and coastal waters which may interactively affect sessile benthic organisms, such as oysters. We studied metabolic responses to prolonged hypoxic acclimation (2 weeks at 5% O₂) in control and Cd-exposed (30 d at 50 μg L⁻¹ Cd) oysters Crassostrea virginica, and analyzed the effects of these stressors on abundance of Vibrio spp. in oysters. Hypoxia-acclimated oysters retained normal standard metabolic rates (SMR) at 5% O₂, in contrast to a decline of SMR observed during acute hypoxia. However, oysters spent more time actively ventilating in hypoxia than normoxia resulting in enhanced Cd uptake and 2.7-fold higher tissue Cd burdens in hypoxia. Cd exposure led to a significant decrease in tissue glycogen stores, increase in free glucose levels and elevated activity of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase and aldolase) indicating a greater dependence on carbohydrate catabolism. A compensatory increase in activities of two key mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase) was found during prolonged hypoxia in control oysters but suppressed in Cd-exposed ones. Cd exposure also resulted in a significant increase in abundance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus levels during normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. Overall, Cd- and hypoxia-induced changes in metabolic profile, Cd accumulation and bacterial flora of oysters indicate that these stressors can synergistically impact energy homeostasis, performance and survival of oysters in polluted estuaries and have significant consequences for transfer of Cd and bacterial pathogens to the higher levels of the food chain.