有机硅改性破乳-絮凝剂在含油污水处理中的应用

采用破乳-絮凝法结合有机硅表面活性剂处理塔里木油田含油污水,以水样的油含量、Zeta电位、显微照片、界面张力为考察参数,得到一种新型水处理剂NP-22。NP-22为有机硅改性破乳-絮凝剂,其配方为破乳-絮凝剂YL-7和有机硅表面活性剂321的质量比95∶15。在NP-22加入量90 mg/L、反应温度45℃、沉降时间90min的优化条件下处理含油污水,水样的油含量由728.8 mg/L降至34.3 mg/L,除油率达95.3%。有机硅表面活性剂321可有效降低油水界面张力,与YL-7复合使用,可取得更好的除油效果。     

Non-steady state partitioning of dry cleaning surfactants between tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and water in porous media

Trapped organic solvents, in both the vadose zone and below the water table, are frequent sources of environmental contamination. A common source of organic solvent contamination is spills, leaks, and improper solvent disposal associated with dry cleaning processes. Dry cleaning solvents, such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE), are typically enhanced with the addition of surfactants to improve cleaning performance. The objective of this work was to examine the partitioning behavior of surfactants from PCE in contact with water. The relative rates of surfactants partitioning and PCE dissolution are important for modeling the behavior of waste PCE in the subsurface, in that they influence the interfacial tension of the PCE, and how (or if) interfacial tension changes over time in the subsurface. The work described here uses a flow-through system to examine simultaneous partitioning and PCE dissolution in a porous medium. Results indicate that both nonylphenol ethoxylate nonionic surfactants and a sulfosuccinate anionic surfactant partition out of residual PCE much more rapidly than the PCE dissolves, suggesting that in many cases interfacial tension changes caused by partitioning may influence infiltration and distribution of PCE in the subsurface. Non-steady-state partitioning is found to be well-described by a linear driving force model incorporating measured surfactant partition coefficients.     

聚丙烯酰胺复配物提高微细粉尘湿润效果的试验

为了提高微细粉尘的除尘效果,将聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）与琥珀酸二辛酯磺酸钠（AOT）等进行复配,并分别测定了粉尘的沉降时间、溶液表面张力及其紫外吸收光谱。结果表明,AOT与PAM复配后,形成了新的物质,可降低溶液表面张力和粉尘沉降时间,从而提高微尘湿润效果。     

拉伸式外加电流阴极保护技术在自升式平台的应用

目的为自升式平台的腐蚀控制提供了一个良好的解决方案。方法根据自升式平台桩腿结构特点和使用维护要求,设计一种竖直拉伸式的辅助阳极。该阳极系统集成了特种抗拉伸电缆,依靠平台上部的固定点和置于海床上的配重进行拉伸固定。根据平台需要经常移动的特点设计一键自动提升装置。采用计算机数值模拟对系统的安装位置进行优化设计,使该系统达到最佳的保护效果。结果系统运行1年后,测得桩腿电位范围为-860~-950 m V,水下检测桩腿无明显腐蚀现象。结论该技术可有效地对自升式平台桩腿进行保护,确保了自升式平台桩腿在设计使用年限中的正常使用。     

纳米颗粒物对肺表面活性物质界面性质的影响

以纳米二氧化硅、纳米碳粉、纳米氧化锌、纳米氧化铈、纳米碳化硅和纳米四氧化三铁等纳米颗粒物(NPs)为代表,研究其对肺表面活性物质(PS)界面性质的影响.结果表明,NPs对PS中的磷脂和蛋白组分均有吸附作用,其中纳米二氧化硅和纳米四氧化三铁分别对磷脂和蛋白组分的吸附能力最强,吸附率为89.3%和82.5%.NPs的存在会导致PS溶液的表面张力升高,这当中纳米二氧化硅的效果最为显著.纳米碳化硅和纳米二氧化硅等颗粒物会引起PS膜的π-A等温线的内缩/外扩,且颗粒物浓度越高,表面压力变化越明显.此外,PS也会对NPs的水合动力学直径和Zeta电位产生影响,导致其分散状态变化.由此可见,NPs可通过改变PS的组成和界面性质而具备危害人体健康的潜力.     

XDLVO理论解析钙离子对腐殖酸反渗透膜污染的影响机制

以XDLVO（extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek）理论定量解析腐殖酸反渗透（reverse osmosis,RO）膜污染过程中的界面相互作用,分析3种界面相互作用力在膜污染过程中的贡献,重点探究不同溶液pH条件下Ca2＋对腐殖酸RO膜污染的影响.结果表明,无论Ca2＋是否存在,对膜污染起促进作用的范德华力在pH 3时为主导作用力,而减缓膜污染的极性作用力在pH 7及pH 10时成为主控因素.静电力在所有测试条件下作用微弱,因此对膜污染贡献很小.Ca2＋主要通过改变极性作用力影响腐殖酸RO膜污染行为,且其影响随溶液pH值的降低而凸显,多数情况下Ca2＋会促进腐殖酸RO膜污染.界面自由能与膜污染程度相关性分析表明,XDLVO理论可以合理预测不同溶液条件下腐殖酸RO膜污染行为.     

Chemical self-organization in self-assembling biomimetic systems

Far-from-equillibrium oscillating chemical reactions are among the simplest systems showing complex behaviors and emergent properties. This class of reactions is often employed to mimic and understand the mechanisms of a great variety of biological processes. In this context, pattern formation due to the coupling between reaction and transport phenomena represent an active and promising research area. In this paper, we present results coming from experiments where we tried to blend the structural properties of self-assembled matrixes (sodium dodecyl sulphate micelles and phospholipid bilayers) together with the evolutive peculiarities of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction. A series of interesting dynamical behaviors, like spatio-temporal chaos, stationary patterns and segmented waves, were found in reaction–diffusion and reaction–diffusion–convection experiments.     

化学气相渗透法制备碳化硅界面涂层的沉积动力学研究

目的 研究沉积温度对SiC界面涂层微观形貌、结构和成分的影响,探讨SiC界面涂层的沉积动力学和沉积机理.方法 采用Factsage软件计算MTS-H2反应物体系热力学平衡后产物组成,采用化学气相渗透法(CVI)在碳化硅纤维上制备SiC界面涂层,采用SEM、TEM、XRD等分析测试技术对SiC涂层形貌、结构和成分进行分析.结果 在860～1060℃温度范围内,MTS-H2体系平衡后的主要产物有SiC、C等,并在该温度范围采用CVI工艺制备出了SiC界面涂层.结论 在860～1060℃温度范围内,提高沉积温度有利于增加SiC的产率.温度低于960℃时,制备的SiC界面涂层表面光滑;高于1060℃时,得到了表面具有团簇结构的涂层,并且随着沉积温度的升高,涂层的结晶度提高.沉积动力学计算结果表明,温度低于1060℃时,SiC的沉积过程受表面反应控制;温度高于1060℃时,沉积过程受扩散控制.采用CVI工艺制备出了单一立方相的SiC界面涂层,并且(111)晶面为SiC颗粒的优先生长晶面.     

聚合氯化铝(PAC)对腐殖酸有机溶胶混凝机理的探讨

采用一定铝总量［Ａｌ］Ｔ的不同羟铝比（ｒ＝［ＯＨ］／［Ａｌ］）的ＰＡＣ溶液对有机溶胶进行混凝实验．结果表明，聚合氯化铝表面张力（σ）与有机溶胶的ＣＯＤ去除率呈正相关．根据溶液表面张力与溶质水合能力的关系和不同羟铝比的聚合氯化铝中各种羟铝配离子的相对含量，探讨聚合氯化铝对有机溶胶的混凝机理．