空气扰动对净化器去除香烟源颗粒物性能的影响

空气净化器可有效改善雾霾天气下室内空气质量,颗粒物去除效果与洁净空气量(CADR)是衡量其性能的主要参数。在典型室内环境下,以香烟源颗粒物为目标,开展空气扰动对净化器去除颗粒物效果和CADR的影响实验与评价分析。结果显示,在室内空气扰动下,净化器对粒径≥5μm的颗粒物去除率为75.6%,在无空气扰动情况下的去除率为46.6%。空气净化器对粒径0.3μm^5μm的颗粒物有较好的去除效果,而对于粒径10μm的较大颗粒物,空气扰动造成CADR增加。空气扰动在一定程度上提升了空气净化器的净化能力,同时在性能方面也存在影响。     

CVOR在山区河道整治植被恢复综合评价中的应用研究

以石葵河生态河道治理为例,将工程扰动区划分为河道工程区（Q1）、临时施工道路区（Q2）、弃渣场区（Q3）、取土区（Q4）、临时表土堆场区（Q5）等5个分区。采用层次分析法和CVOR模型,构建山区河道整治工程扰动区植被恢复综合评价模型。结果表明：Q1区植被恢复潜力最强,生态健康等级为健康,属容易恢复区,Q4区、Q5区、Q2区生态健康等级为不健康,植被恢复潜力较弱,生态修复中须加大投资;植被恢复潜力与生态系统健康评价结果基本保持一致,基况条件对植被恢复潜力影响较大,可通过人工干扰提高扰动区植被恢复潜力,提升植被恢复效果。     

煤巷顶板围岩结构承载能力弱化分析

为了揭示煤巷顶板围岩承载能力的弱化机理,结合已有的研究成果,建立巷道顶板三向承载梁结构承载弹塑流弱化分析模型,确定三向承载梁结构承载状态的分析方法,提出用围岩塑性区深度、宽度、长度作为评价巷道围岩承载的弱化分析指标,研究围岩性质、支护强度、采动应用等诱导因子对煤巷顶板结构承载能力弱化分析指标的影响规律。研究结果表明:随着围岩强度的提高、支护强度的增加、扰动应力的减小,弱化分析指标呈似线性减小的变化规律,且减幅由大到小排序为塑性区长度Sy,宽度Sx和深度Sz,同时提高围岩强度、支护强度,减小采动作用应力,煤巷顶板弱化分析指标的减小程度显著高于单因子的改善。     

水景间歇复氧条件下护岸型湿地的水质净化效率

为改善缓流景观水体水质,通过搭建小试实验装置,研究了曝气处理、喷泉处理和跌水处理对护岸型湿地中污染物去除率的影响。结果表明,在水力停留时间（HRT）为4 d时,护岸型湿地对缓流景观水体中的总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）和化学需氧量（COD）平均去除率分别达到了48.63%、43.41%和68.51%;3组处理系统均通过间歇复氧促进了护岸型湿地对氮磷的去除,与空白处理相比,曝气处理、喷泉处理及跌水处理使得TP的去除率分别提高了13.59%、11.12%和14.42%,TN的去除率分别提高了10.32%、13.13%和8.88%,COD的去除率提高了24.82%、24.60%和23.09%;同时发现,4个处理系统对氮磷的去除率随温度的下降而降低。     

间歇曝气SBR处理垃圾渗滤液的脱氮性能

采用两级串联间歇曝气序批式反应器（intermittent aeration sequencing batch reactor,IASBR）处理高氨氮低碳氮比的垃圾渗滤液,研究在控温（25±2）℃,进水碳氮比（COD/TN）为3.0条件下的脱氮性能。进水氨氮（NH4+-N）和总氮（TN）浓度分别为（1 100±70）mg·L-1和（1 520±65）mg·L-1,1级和2级IASBR的水力停留时间（HRT）分别为5 d和4 d。运行结果表明,经1级IASBR处理后,出水TN浓度降低至约250 mg·L-1,其中以有机氮（TON）为主,NH4+-N浓度约25 mg·L-1;经2级IASBR处理后,出水TN和NH4+-N 浓度分别稳定在40 mg·L-1和20 mg·L-1以下,TON去除率高达90%以上。两级串联IASBR组合工艺表现出良好的深度脱氮性能,出水TN浓度稳定达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB16889-2008）中TN ≤ 40 mg·L-1的排放标准;同时,1级IASBR出水COD浓度高达1 150 mg·L-1,经过2级IASBR处理后出水COD降至约770 mg·L-1。     

Biophysical‐Regulatory Classification and Profiling of Streams Across Management Units and Ecoregions1

Caruso, Brian S. and Joshua Haynes, 2011. Biophysical‐Regulatory Classification and Profiling of Streams Across Management Units and Ecoregions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 00(0):1‐22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00522.x Abstract: Aquatic resources management in the United States (U.S.) under Clean Water Act Section 404 has become more complex after recent Supreme Court decisions and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidance. Many intermittent/ephemeral and headwater streams may not be jurisdictional if they lack a significant nexus with navigable waters. Streams in semiarid USEPA Region 8 were classified based on hydrologic permanence and stream order using National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) Plus and GIS to provide information across broad spatial scales to aid with jurisdictional determinations (JDs). Four classes were developed for profiling across management units and ecoregions. Based on medium‐resolution NHDPlus data, intermittent streams comprise >¾, and first order streams constitute >½ of the total stream length in Region 8. Mountain states and ecoregions have the largest percentage of perennial first order streams, whereas the Dakotas, plains, and desert ecoregions have the greatest percentages of intermittent first order and intermittent higher order streams. In the Upper Colorado River Basin, >50% of reaches are intermittent first order, and 9% are perennial first order. NHDPlus data can significantly underestimate the length of headwater and intermittent streams, but can still be a valuable tool to help develop stream classes and for regional JD planning and analysis. Refinement of the stream classes using high resolution NHD data and other key catchment parameters can improve their utility for JDs.     

Effects of Riparian Areas,Stream Order,and Land Use Disturbance on Watershed‐Scale Habitat Potential: An Ecohydrologic Approach to Policy1

Abstract: Spatio‐temporal linkages between hydrologic and ecologic dimensions of watersheds play a critical role in conservation policies. Habitat potential is influenced by variation along longitudinal and lateral gradients and land use disturbance. An assessment of these influences provides critical information for protecting watershed ecosystems and in making spatially explicit, conservation decisions. We use an ecohydrologic approach that focuses on interface between hydrological and ecological processes. This study focuses on changes in watershed habitat potentials along lateral (riparian), and longitudinal (stream order) dimensions and disturbance (land use). The habitat potentials were evaluated for amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds in the Westfield River Watershed of Massachusetts using geographic information systems and multivariate analysis. We use a polynomial model to study nonlinear effects using robust regression. Various spatial policies were modeled and evaluated for influence on species diversity. All habitat potentials showed a strong influence along spatial dimensions and disturbance. The habitat potential for all vertebrate groups studied decreased as the distance from the riparian zone increased. Headwaters and lower order subwatersheds had higher levels of species diversity compared to higher order subwatersheds. It was observed that locations with the least disturbance also had higher habitat potential. The study identifies three policy criteria that could be used to identify critical areas within a watershed to conserve habitat suitable for various species through management and restoration activities. A spatially variable policy that is based on stream order, riparian distance, and land use can be used to maximize watershed ecological benefits. Wider riparian zones with variable widths, protection of headwaters and lower order subwatersheds, and minimizing disturbance in riparian and headwater areas can be used in watershed policy. These management objectives could be achieved using targeted economic incentives, best management practices, zoning laws, and educational programs using a watershed perspective.     

东洞庭湖世界涉危鸟类多样性的分析研究

为了探讨湿地自然保护区综合措施的实施对鸟类多类性的影响,本文分析比较了东洞庭湖自1992年加入国际《湿地公约》后,在1992-1996年间世界濒危鸟类多样性的动态变化。自1992年加入国际《湿地公约》后,尽管对洞庭湖湿地及其内栖息的生物采取了诸多保护措施,但仍发现世界濒危鸟类多样性的值并未如人们所期望迅速有所回升,而是呈弱递减趋势。东洞庭湖湿地的世界濒危鸟类多样性大小状况为:1992-1993>1993-1994>1994-1995>1995-1996。因为湿地环境的客观改善勿容质疑,为此得出结论:鸟类多样性的恢复存在滞缓期。并且作者对退化湿地生态系统的恢复途径进行了讨论,提出合理化建议:(1)应该根据湿地演替的规律进行认为辅助演替。(2)保证湿地环境的稳定性,增加净生产力,使鸟类的基础饵料丰富充足。     

井下巷道-矿车系统风流扰动特征规律实验研究

针对井下巷道-矿车系统易造成巷道风流紊乱、影响矿井通风系统安全稳定性的问题,建立巷道-矿车系统风流扰动模式及影响因素体系,提出表征巷道-矿车系统的风流扰动特征的关键参数,包括巷道扰动风阻、阻塞比、矿车位置,推导矿车运行至巷道不同位置时巷道-矿车系统扰动风阻计算公式,研究巷道风速、阻塞比与巷道风阻的关系。研究结果表明：矿车在巷道中顺风行驶的速度大于风速时,巷道-矿车系统对通风系统进行增压调节;当矿车逆风行驶时,巷道-矿车系统的风阻随着矿井通风系统供风量的增大而减小,最大扰动为矿车驶出巷道时刻,阻塞比与巷道风阻呈现线性递增关系;此外,小风速、小断面巷道运行的矿车对巷道-矿车系统的风阻影响较大,模型求解结果与实测数据的最大误差为6.84%。研究结果可为矿井通风系统的智能化调控提供理论依据。     

巨厚砾岩作用下底板冲击地压诱发机理及过程

以千秋煤矿21141工作面下巷冲击地压发生的地质和采掘情况为基础,建立煤层巷道底板冲击地压诱发机理模型。水平应力的大小是影响巷道底板岩层稳定性的最主要因素,并确定最大水平应力的计算方法。采场上覆巨厚砾岩层断裂所产生的动载扰动能使巷道底板水平应力瞬间积聚升高。数值模拟分析得出,随着动载应力和加载时间的增加,巷道底板变形量、变形速度和加速度都明显的大幅度增加;同时巷道围岩塑性区也逐渐扩大。研究表明采场上覆巨厚砾岩层断裂、垮落对煤层巷道所产生的动载扰动会诱发规模较大的冲击地压,巷道底板由于缺少有效支护会成为冲击破坏的突破口。