欧盟环境立法对国际环境合作的影响

在共同的全球利益之下,因社会性因素的紧密联结而结成的较为成熟的区域性组织可以说在环境保护利益上更具有可协调性,并已成为国际环境合作的一种途径.本文通过分析区域性组织-欧洲联盟内部的环境立法,来探析国际环境合作领域.     

水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放的影响研究进展

淡水生态系统温室气体(CO_2、CH_4、N_2O)排放是全球气候变化背景下的研究热点。水生植物作为淡水生态系统重要的组成部分,对水体生源要素的生物地球化学循环过程具有重要影响,进而影响水体温室气体产生与排放。本研究基于目前水生植物与水体温室气体排放关系的研究,探讨了水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放动力学过程的影响,提出水生植物分布区可能是温室气体排放热点;水生植物种类、生活型的多样性增加了水体温室气体排放的变异性和不确定性,对监测和估算方法的准确性产生一定影响;进一步总结了水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放的影响机制:1)机械作用,包括气体传输通道作用和浮叶植物的滞留作用; 2)水生植物光合/呼吸作用参与水体碳循环,同时水生植物凋落物分解为水体代谢提供新鲜碳、氮源,提高温室气体产生速率; 3)改变根际厌氧环境,影响根际CH_4和N_2O产生与排放; 4)水生植物群落改变水体生态因子分配格局,影响水体异养代谢等。基于当前研究现状,本文提出要进一步开展不同尺度或不同生境条件下水生植物种类、生活型和生长代谢等对水体温室气体排放动力学的影响研究,并从水生植物群落尺度构建温室气体排放动力学模型,优化监测方法与估算模型,为推进我国淡水生态系统温室气体排放研究提供理论基础。     

国际水法对长江流域立法的启示和意义

随着长江经济带建设的推进,长江流域治理亟待法治化。由于调整对象、事项和目标方面的相似性,国际水法的理论、原则、规则和实践对于长江流域立法具有重要且有益的参考价值。长江流域立法面临着利益主体多元、生态环境和资源保护任务艰巨以及治理体制机制很不合理三个方面的巨大挑战。国际水法关于生态整体性路径、公平合理利用原则以及流域治理体制机制三个基本方面的理论、法律和指南以及实践,对于长江流域立法有效应对这些挑战具有重要启示。其意义体现在：直接促进长江流域治理的法治化,间接推进中国流域立法与国际水法之间的兼容性;直接示范国内其他流域,间接助推实现我国成为全球生态文明建设重要参与者、贡献者和引领者的战略。     

污水处理厂对漓江桂林市区河段淡水生物中微塑料累积的影响

微塑料（粒径<5 mm）作为一种新型污染物近年来引起广泛关注.本文通过收集污水处理厂尾水、污水处理厂在漓江支流桃花江的排口（S1）、桃花江和漓江干流的汇合处（S2）和支流汇合处的下游（S3）的表层水体、沉积物以及4种典型淡水生物样品,研究了污水处理厂尾水排放对淡水生物体内微塑料污染特征和空间分布的影响.结果表明,淡水生物中微塑料的检出率为94.2%.污水处理厂在漓江支流桃花江的排口S1（2.7 n ·ind^-1）淡水生物中的微塑料平均丰度显著高于排放口下游的漓江干流桂林市区河段S3（1.9 n ·ind^-1,P<0.05）.S1和S3生物体中的微塑料粒径均以<0.10 mm为主,占比分别为46.0%和30.5%.生物体中的微塑料仅有纤维一种类型,S1中主要的聚合物类型为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,S3生物中主要的聚合物类型为聚丙烯.污水处理厂尾水排放在一定程度上影响了淡水生物中微塑料累积.     

生态社区建设中环保教育的代际引导机制调查研究

居民既是社区生态环境改善的受益者,也是推动和监督社区环境治理的根本动力.充分利用文献法、入户访谈、问卷调查法及案例分析法,调查生态社区环境治理背景下家庭环保教育的代际引导机制,发现:学生对于室外实践课和手工实践课兴趣很高,比较排斥室内文本形式的环保教育.超过82.4%的家长期望孩子在环保课堂中可以学习到环保知识,超过61%的家长愿意配合学生完成环保课外实践.目的:研究确实有效的家庭环保意识传递方式,为社区、学校的环境教育提供高效的教学方案.     

Conservation Assessment of Southern South American Freshwater Ecoregions on the Basis of the Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Crabs from the Genus Aegla

Abstract:  We assessed the conservation priority of 18 freshwater ecoregions in southern South America on the basis of Aegla (genus of freshwater crabs) genetic diversity and distribution. Geographical distributions for 66 Aegla species were taken from the literature and plotted against ecoregions and main river basins of southern South America. Species richness and number of threatened and endemic species were calculated for each area. To assess taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, we generated a molecular phylogeny based on DNA sequences for one nuclear (28S) and 4 mitochondrial (12S, 16S, COI, and COII) genes. All species richness and phylogenetic methods agreed, to a large extent, in their rankings of the importance of conservation areas, as indicated by the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ( p < 0.01); nonetheless, some of the lowest correlations were observed between taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity indices. The 5 ecoregions of the Laguna dos Patos Basin (Eastern Brazil), Central Chile, South Brazilian Coast, Chilean Lakes, and Subtropical Potamic Axis (northern Argentina and southern Uruguay and Paraguay) had the highest biodiversity scores. Conservation of these regions will preserve the largest number of species and the greatest amount of genetic diversity within the South American freshwater Aegla fauna. Biodiversity across rivers and within areas was heterogeneously distributed in the ecoregions of Upper Paraná, Ribeira do Iguape, Upper Uruguay, and South Brazilian Coast (i.e., one river showed significantly more biodiversity than any other river from the same ecoregion), but homogeneously distributed in the other ecoregions. Hence, conservation plans in the former regions will potentially require less effort than plans in the latter regions.     

A holistic framework for participatory conservation approaches

Organizations seeking better methods for conservation have attempted to use participatory processes to fulfill human and ecological/environmental goals. As a result, the academic literature is filled with examples of community-level approaches to conservation. While such case studies are highly valuable, much of this literature has placed a strong emphasis on the institutional conditions surrounding successful participatory practices. Here, we seek to complement the participatory conservation literature with the community participation literature, which has tended to follow an actor-centered (e.g., residents) approach to successful participatory practices. By merging these two literatures, our goal is to offer a holistic framework that accounts for a more comprehensive understanding of the different forms and benefits of participation. We hope this framework will serve as a tool for field practitioners to implement the most effective action plans resulting in greater future successes.     

The Northwest U.S. Dam Breaching Decision: Factors, Costs and Benefits

Northwestern United States' salmon populations have fallen precipitously. Attempts at salmon restoration are going on and dam breaching is being considered. Costs associated with the continued restoration attempts including hatchery stocking, barging and trucking salmon around the dams are high while benefits are unclear. Those costs may be greater than dam breaching. An additional impetus for dam removal is the revival of the commercial salmon fishing industry. This may not occur for both ecological and economic reasons. Ecologically complete restoration may not be feasible. Economically, the rise of competitively priced salmon aquaculture will reduce the value of any future commercial catch. A statistical relationship between falling prices for wild salmon and rising salmon aquaculture output is shown.     

Metals in edible fish from Vistula River and Dead Vistula River channel,Baltic Sea

Metals including Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn were determined in muscle tissue of 12 fish species by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and cold vapour-atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). Fish were collected from Vistula River at lower course and Dead Vistula River channel in south of Baltic Sea in Poland. The fish species examined include Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus), Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius), Bull-rout (Myoxocephalus scorpius), Tench (Tinca tinca), Bream (Abramis brama), Burbot (Lota lot), Perch (Perca perca), Roach (Rutilus rutilus), Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Pikeperch (Stizostediun lucioperca), Brown salmon (Salmo trutta m. Trutta) and Eel (Anguilla anguilla). The median values of metal concentrations in fresh muscle tissue of 11 fish species varied as follows: Al < 0.5–60; Ba < 0.05–0.31; Ca 120–1800; Cd < 0.05–0.096; Co < 0.10; Cr < 0.10–0.50; Cu < 0.15–0.77; Fe 1.5–21; Hg 0.0058–0.65; K 1800–4200; Mg 130–560; Mn 0.12–0.59; Na 350–840; Ni < 0.2–0.31; Pb < 0.75; Sr 0.079–2.9; Zn 3.3–23 μg/g fresh weight. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values calculated in this study for Cd and Hg from muscles of fish species collected from Vistula River were low in the range of 0.4 for Hg and 0.8 for Cd. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B to view the free supplemental file.     

秦皇岛“国际旅游名城”建设中高素质涉外旅游人才的培养策略

建设"国际旅游名城"不可或缺的人力资源之一是高素质的涉外旅游人才。从秦皇岛"旅游立市"及创建"国际旅游名城"的大背景出发,分析秦皇岛面临的国际旅游发展机遇,阐述涉外旅游人才的种类和含义,并针对所需人才特点提出了培养思路和策略。