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171.
172.
Henrik Horn 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2011,62(1):15-29
The WTO leaves discretion over environmental policies to its members, but requests that a fundamental non-discrimination principle is respected: National Treatment (NT). The provision seeks to prevent protectionist use of domestic policy instruments, requesting that when an imported product is sufficiently similar to a domestic product, they are treated identically. WTO adjudicators will often face severe informational problems in environmental disputes. Important for the practical implementation of NT is therefore the allocation of the burden of proof (BoP). This paper highlights basic implications of the BoP for the occurrence of judicial errors, for the environment and for welfare, using a setting where NT serves its intended role of supporting negotiated tariff liberalization. The paper suggests that NT may indeed constrain environmental policies, but that this may be desirable from an efficiency point of view. Also, BoP rules that benefit the environment may not benefit global welfare, and conversely. 相似文献
173.
Most large scale resource extraction projects in Papua New Guinea (PNG) require companies to negotiate with customary landowners for access to development sites. In the discussion of process and challenges of development and operation of projects, particularly mines, the paper, basing as a case study of land use arrangements in PNG mining, has several objectives to address. First, it discusses land use arrangements in the mining industry and how they have evolved over the last few decades. Today, most of these arrangements involve pluralistic framework agreements which have been shaped by land tenure debates, civil uprisings, government initiatives and increasingly politically savvy customary landowners. This pluralistic process encourages key stakeholder involvement, particularly customary landowner participation which has been an innovative piece of sustainable mineral policy development in PNG. Second, the paper argues that ‘it is not business as usual’ for mining companies as it would generally be the case in developed and many developing countries because they are increasingly forced to be proactive in addressing landowner and community interests while managing mining projects. A brief overview of land use debates in PNG is summarised at the outset to provide background to mining and development in the country. Third, the significance of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) paradigm and its impact on business, particularly the mining industry is acknowledged intermittently in the discussion to shed light on how it is influencing development of local communities. Finally, the paper argues that the post-Bougainville period has led to a change of the old enclave model of mining development to a broad based community driven form of development around mining. However, it is difficult to predict as to how this model of mining led development in rural PNG will span out in the long run. In the meantime, genuine landowner partnerships with developers and government in the management and operation of mining projects in the country are proving to be a positive outcome for everyone despite some major challenges. 相似文献
174.
BRETT F. EDGERTON PAULA HENTTONEN† JAPO JUSSILA†‡ ARI MANNONEN‡ PIETARI PAASONEN§ TROND TAUGBØL LENNART EDSMAN†† CATHERINE SOUTY-GROSSET‡‡ 《Conservation biology》2004,18(6):1466-1474
Abstract: Native European freshwater crayfish (Astacida, Decapoda) are under severe pressure from habitat alteration, the introduction of nonindigenous species, and epizootic disease. Crayfish plague, an acute disease of freshwater crayfish caused by the fungus-like agent Aphanomyces astaci , was introduced into Europe in the mid-nineteenth century and is responsible for ongoing widespread epizootic mortality in native European populations. We reviewed recent developments and current practices in the field of crayfish pathology. The severity of crayfish plague has resulted in an overemphasis on it. Diagnostic methods for detecting fungi and fungal-like agents, and sometimes culturing them, are frequently the sole techniques used to investigate disease outbreaks in European freshwater crayfish. Consequently, the causes of a significant proportion of outbreaks are undetermined. Pathogen groups well known for causing disease in other crustaceans, such as viruses and rickettsia-like organisms, are poorly understood or unknown in European freshwater crayfish. Moreover, the pathogenic significance of some long-known pathogens of European freshwater crayfish remains obscure. For effective management of this culturally significant and threatened resource, there is an urgent need for researchers, diagnosticians, and resource managers to address the issue of disease in European freshwater crayfish from a broader perspective than has been applied previously. 相似文献
175.
气候变化国际谈判进展及其核心问题 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
本文简要介绍了目前对气候变化问题的科学认识及其可能产生的影响以及气候变化国际谈判的进展情况 ,分析气候变化问题背后蕴含的政治、经济、科技、环境和外交斗争 ,概要阐述气候变化问题的本质。 相似文献
176.
国际投资风险防范分析与策略 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
国际投风险的防范是国际投资中一个十分重要的问题。本文分析了国际投资风险的内涵,论述了国际投资风险分析的主要内容,指出了国际投资风险防范的基本策略和投资者风险自我防范策略。 相似文献
177.
环境安全的新挑战:经济全球化下环境污染转移 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15
发达国家环境污染转移主要通过两种途径实现:一是产业投资转移,二是贸易转移。从国际环境污染转移的形式来看可能完全符合市场经济原则,但却明显具有不道德性和非持续性。本文基于环境安全面临现实挑战,简要分析了环境污染国际转移产生的途径与根源,并对我国在出口推动型的增长中如何不降低对外贸易的依赖程度而保持资源与环境的优化,提出了相应的可持续发展准则与对策。 相似文献
178.
J. C. Day 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1972,8(5):935-947
ABSTRACT. Despite radical differences in water laws, water management agencies, approaches to water planning, and financial resources, Mexico and the United States forged a common program to manage water and related land on the Rio Grande. Actions of Rio Grande Commissions related to stream gaging, boundary definition, and multiple-purpose construction projects are among the more successful international water-management efforts in the world. Cost-sharing arrangements promoted rapid completing of international works. However, joint action accomplished only part of expectations. International developments were competitive rather than complementary until basin water appropriation was virtually complete. Moreover, Commissions were not empowered to consider long-range competitive water needs, or regional water requirements, throughout the basin. International groundwater use coordination does not exist. International structures produce less than anticipated benefits. Hydroelectric generators are financial liabilities, irrigated acreage exceeds dependable streamflow, and soil salinization is experienced. Unanticipated environmental changes occurred in every major program. The Rio Grande experience points to the need for society to specify goals to which the use of water should contribute and to specify priorities for water use among different sectors of river basins and various segments of society. 相似文献
179.
The increasing volume of CO2 embodiment in international trade adds a layer of complexity to environmental policies and has raised arguments on the traditional
production based responsibility for CO2 emissions. In order to help understand the quantity of CO2 embodiment in trade and its policy implications, this paper gives observations to recently emerging literatures that quantitatively
discuss CO2 embodiment in trade. The analytical approaches share the principle of using input and output modeling but vary dramatically
in study boundary and estimation accuracy. The calculations can be roughly categorized into three types: direct quantification
of CO2 embodiments in multiregional trade, direct quantification of CO2 embodiment in bilateral trade, and indirect analysis by comparing the scenarios with or without trade. The practical estimations
strongly rely on trade partner selection and data availability. An obvious imbalance of net CO2 embodiment in the commodity trade between major developed countries and developing economies as a whole was confirmed by
these literatures. Carbon taxes and other possible limitations on CO2 emissions have been addressed. The consistency across the calculations could be enhanced by systematic analyses in more detail
to convince the international community to take binding commitments for the reduction of global CO2 emissions. 相似文献
180.
司阳 《辽宁城乡环境科技》2009,(5):32-33
为维护和改善湖水、水库等大型蓄水设施的水质而寻找一种新的方法,在人工的明/暗光照射条件下,探讨了运用粉末状TiO2作为光触媒,抑制各种淡水藻类增殖的效果。粉末状的TiO2,在100mg/L的浓度下,对蓝藻的铜绿微囊藻原变种、鱼腥藻和绿藻的空星藻有明显的抑制增殖的效果;而对硅藻的钝脆杆藻,在此条件下则没有效果。 相似文献