政府灾害应急管理体系的国际比较研究

2008年的南方雪灾和汶川大地震凸显出我国灾害应急管理体系的严重缺陷.本文旨在比较研究美日等几个先进国家灾害应急管理系统,以期为我国灾害应急管理体系的完善提供有益的借鉴.总的来说,我国灾害处理者对灾害管理的科学认识还不够,灾害法律法规体系和组织机构也不完善,救灾体系中存在着大量的非救灾人员和非专业救灾设备.针对以上问题,本文认为我国应尽快完善救灾应急管理系统的法律法规,促进我国救灾组织机构和以及设立培训机构以培养优秀的专业救灾队伍.     

应用物种敏感性分布评估DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险

介绍了利用物种敏感性分布（SSD）进行生态风险评价的原理与步骤,构建了淡水生物对DDT和林丹的物种敏感性分布.在此基础上,计算了DDT和林丹对不同类别生物的HC5(Hazardous Concentration for 5% the species)阈值,预测了不同浓度DDT和林丹对生物可能造成的危害,并比较了不同类别生物对DDT和林丹的敏感性,以及DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险.结果表明,DDT和林丹对淡水生物的HC5值分别为1.70μg·L-1和5.96μg·L-1 ,DDT对生态系统的危害大于林丹.当DDT或林丹的浓度为5μg·L-1时,对生态系统仅有轻微影响,而当DDT或林丹的浓度为500μg·L-1时,将有81.5%的物种受到DDT的危害,或有68.1%的物种受到林丹的危害.不同类别生物对DDT的敏感性从甲壳类、昆虫和蜘蛛类到鱼类依次降低,对林丹的敏感性大小依次为昆虫和蜘蛛类、甲壳类、鱼类.与林丹相比,DDT对淡水脊椎动物与无脊椎动物以及甲壳类和鱼类的生态风险较大,而对昆虫和蜘蛛类,林丹与DDT的生态风险差别不大.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments di ering in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m2) and CO2 levels (350 and 700 mol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO2 concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO2 elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO2 concentrations are di ered in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m2). Elevated CO2 concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO2 concentration.     

湖泊中军团菌的巢式PCR-MPN检测法

为了直接检测环境水体中军团菌的存在,文章将巢式PCR与倍比稀释法相结合(巢式PCR-MPN法),采用两对引物扩增环境样品基因组DNA。将检测到含有军团菌的样品DNA模板进行十倍梯度稀释,由最低检测的稀释度,计算出样品中军团菌的细胞数,同时确定方法检测的灵敏度。并用克隆建库、构建系统树的方法来验证该文研究方法的特异性。研究结果表明,巢式PCR第二步后获得的序列均为军团菌序列,该方法军团菌DNA的检出限可以低至2.74 fg/μL。该研究建立的水体军团菌检测方法具有简便快捷、特异性好、灵敏度高的特点。     

西湖底泥中厌氧氨氧化菌的分子生物学检测

厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox）在海洋氮素循环中起了重要作用,而有关天然淡水生态系统中anammox的研究报道并不多.本研究采用16SrRNA基因克隆文库技术首次考察了西湖淡水底泥中anammox菌的分布与种群多样性水平.16SrRNA系统发育分析表明,西湖底泥中的...     

郑州新郑国际机场本地化排放因子与排放清单

基于郑州新郑国际机场的飞行数据和国际民航组织发动机排放数据库,获得2019年飞机实际飞行时间,测算了全年所有机型飞机 主发动机的污染物排放因子,建立了包括飞机及地面特种车辆在内的机场精细化大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,新郑国际机场飞机运行时间对典型机型耗油量影响明显,月际变化趋势一致.典型机型的本地化污染物排放因子的差异,与各飞行阶段的耗油量和单位燃油污染排放量密切相关,其中,波音B738机型运行占比最大且排放因子较高.2019年新郑国际机场NO_x、CO、HC、SO₂和PM的总排放量分别为1207.7、921.2、123.7、268.3和36.2 t,主要来自飞机主发动机排放.研究期内,各类污染物排放均在11：00达到峰值.飞行阶段中,NO_x排放主要来自飞机在 起飞降落循环中的爬升阶段,占比达45.6%;CO和HC在地面滑行阶段的排放占比远高于其他运行阶段,分别占95.4%和93.9%;SO₂和PM在不同工作模式下的排放占比较为接近.各机型中,波音B738和空客A320两种机型在5类污染物排放量中贡献最大,波音B737机型排放CO较高.     

基于 SEEA 的自然资源资产核算指标的国际比较

本文从实物型、价值型自然资源资产账户及自然资源资产流量账户三方面对参照环境经济综合核算体系(SEEA)开展自然资源和环境经济核算的海外典型国家的核算指标进行比较分析,为编制我国自然资源资产核算框架提供参考借鉴。从五个典型国家的实践上看,各国的自然资源资产核算体系趋向与国民经济核算相对接;核算资源类别注重资源对社会经济的贡献度、资源数据可获得性以及资源核算的难易程度;核算账户及指标设置突出统计的实现,缺乏核算分析。基于此,本文提出,我国在开展自然资源资产核算时可借鉴国民经济核算的做法及已出台的各类资源分类标准,编制分类与综合资源核算账户、全国与地区专项资源核算账户;突出设置资源变化类指标,注重核算资源的流;探索编制自然资源资产生态账户,考虑实现资源核算指标与负债表指标的衔接,为自然资源资产负债表编制提供信息。     

Freshwater Mussel Population Status and Habitat Quality in the Clinch River,Virginia and Tennessee,USA: A Featured Collection

The Clinch River of southwestern Virginia and northeastern Tennessee is arguably the most important river for freshwater mussel conservation in the United States. This featured collection presents investigations of mussel population status and habitat quality in the Clinch River. Analyses of historic water‐ and sediment‐quality data suggest that water column ammonia and water column and sediment metals, including Cu and Zn, may have contributed historically to declining densities and extirpations of mussels in the river's Virginia sections. These studies also reveal increasing temporal trends for dissolved solids concentrations throughout much of the river's extent. Current mussel abundance patterns do not correspond spatially with physical habitat quality, but they do correspond with specific conductance, dissolved major ions, and water column metals, suggesting these and/or associated constituents as factors contributing to mussel declines. Mussels are sensitive to metals. Native mussels and hatchery‐raised mussels held in cages in situ accumulated metals in their body tissues in river sections where mussels are declining. Organic compound and bed‐sediment contaminant analyses did not reveal spatial correspondences with mussel status metrics, although potentially toxic levels were found. Collectively, these studies identify major ions and metals as water‐ and sediment‐quality concerns for mussel conservation in the Clinch River.     

河北省衡水湖沉积物中汞的分布特征及生态风险

衡水湖是华北平原上第一个国家级内陆淡水湖泊湿地类型的自然保护区,为了解衡水湖沉积物中汞的分布特征及生态风险,于2013年8月在衡水湖采集了5根柱状沉积物,对其中的总汞、甲基汞、孔隙水溶解态汞、有机质、pH以及含水率进行了分析。结果表明,衡水湖沉积物中总汞的平均含量为22.5 ng·g-1,低于全国及河北省表层土壤背景值。但表层沉积物汞含量明显高于底层,说明近年来的外源汞输入对湖泊汞负荷产生了一定影响,且靠近湖泊东部106国道的采样点汞含量明显高于湖泊中西部的采样点,暗示交通运输等人为活动是该湖泊的一个重要汞输入源。利用潜在生态危害指数法进行评估,显示汞的生态风险较低,说明现阶段衡水湖的沉积物汞浓度不会对生态环境产生不利影响。     

Heavy metal analysis in fish‐kill cases in rivers in Guipuzcoa (Spain)∗

Some fish‐kills in Basque rivers were studied by gill tissue analysis: Samples were wet digested and the solution was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In three cases, the cause was linked to the effluents of an aluminium anodizing factory, cyanide caused one kill and copper wastes were related with another. Three cases were attributed to natural reasons and one of the kills was of unknown origin.