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471.
Eero Palmujoki 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2006,8(1):1-17
This paper discusses public–private governance patterns which have emerged in global environmental management. These patterns
originate from a spontaneous non-governmental basis or have intentionally been created and constructed by international organisations
or states. The paper identifies four patterns of environmental governance between international organisations, governments
and private actors.
Theoretically governance patterns in which private actors play a prominent role, pose a challenge to state sovereignty and
remould the traditional state centric pattern of environmental management. However, the article emphasises the fact that these
patterns remain no more than constructs of international organisations, non-governmental organisations and governments, whose
first priorities are not always environmental conservation. The paper suggests that the oldest public–private type of environmental
governance, in which the environmental organisations are in advocacy roles, reform environmental management in a more concrete
and sustainable way than the more recently emerging patterns. 相似文献
472.
同位素稀释质谱法测定IMEP-6水样品中的痕量镉和铅 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用国际公认的具有绝对测量性质的同位素稀释质谱法(IDMS)为国际测量评估计划(IMEP-6)所用比对样品定值,准确测定了该样品中痕量镉和铅,提供的测定值与事后组织者公布的标准值附和较好。 相似文献
473.
JONATHAN V. HIGGINS‡ MARK T. BRYER† MARY L. KHOURY THOMAS W. FITZHUGH‡ 《Conservation biology》2005,19(2):432-445
Abstract: Freshwater biodiversity is highly endangered and faces increasing threats worldwide. To be complete, regional plans that identify critical areas for conservation must capture representative components of freshwater biodiversity as well as rare and endangered species. We present a spatially hierarchical approach to classify freshwater systems to create a coarse filter to capture representative freshwater biodiversity in regional conservation plans. The classification framework has four levels that we described using abiotic factors within a zoogeographic context and mapped in a geographic information system. Methods to classify and map units are flexible and can be automated where high-quality spatial data exist, or can be manually developed where such data are not available. Products include a spatially comprehensive inventory of mapped and classified units that can be used remotely to characterize regional patterns of aquatic ecosystems. We provide examples of classification procedures in data-rich and data-poor regions from the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest of North America and the upper Paraguay River in central South America. The approach, which has been applied in North, Central, and South America, provides a relatively rapid and pragmatic way to account for representative freshwater biodiversity at scales appropriate to regional assessments. 相似文献
474.
可再生能源发电配额制政策(RPS)研究 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
本文首先解释了可再生能源发电配额制政策的基本含义。然后 ,通过比较英国、美国、荷兰、丹麦和澳大利亚五国的可再生能源发电配额制政策 ,总结了实施RPS的国际经验 ,包括成功的经验和失败的教训 ,提出了以及对中国实施RPS的政策建议 相似文献
475.
476.
477.
中巴公路奥依塔克镇-布伦口段位于喀喇昆仑山盖孜河流域,区域气候干燥而寒冷,属暖温带大陆性气候,气候差异大。路线主要位于山岭重丘区,地质条件复杂,泥石流每年均有暴发。泥石流灾害对公路的正常通行影响较大。通过大量的野外调查研究中巴喀喇昆仑公路奥依塔克镇-布伦口段泥石流灾害的形成条件、爆发频率、分布规律、危害方式以及危害程度,提出针对中巴公路奥依塔克镇-布伦口段改建项目特点的泥石流防治原则。 相似文献
478.
繁殖/生殖毒性类化合物由于特殊的毒理作用模式(mode of action,MOA),通过影响生物繁衍影响到种群和群落,因此依靠基于急、慢性毒性测试终点和传统基准推导方法推导的水生态基准值并不能够为水生生物群落结构提供足够的保护。本文根据文献资料,分析了推导此类化合物水生态基准时的关键科学问题,包括繁殖/生殖毒性类化合物MOA,毒性数据类型,受试物种选择,以及不同生命阶段、多代毒性测试和测试终点的判别和选择。并用所收集的壬基酚数据,尝试推导了基于水生生物生殖毒性的水生态基准值。研究得出基于生殖毒性的壬基酚预测无观察效应浓度(PNEC)值为0.12μg·L-1,其数值比美国环境保护局根据传统基准方法推导的基准持续浓度(CCC)的6.59μg·L-1低了近50倍。因此,基于其繁殖毒性(包括产卵量、受精率、孵化率、多代效应以及种群变化等)的实验结果更适合用于具有繁殖/生殖毒性污染物水生态基准的推导。 相似文献
479.
影响银淡水生物水质基准的环境因素分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
水质基准是制定水环境质量标准,以及评价、预测和控制与治理水体污染的重要依据。为了系统分析水体硬度、物种门类和地域条件对水质基准的影响,本研究筛选了6门20科25种水生生物的毒性数据,用毒性百分数排序法推导了中国银的淡水生物水质基准。研究结果表明,银的基准最大浓度(CMC)与水体硬度呈幂函数关系,等式为CMC=0.85×e[0.62ln(水体硬度)-4.28]μg·L-1,基准连续浓度为0.02μg·L-1。中国和美国2个不同生物区系研究都表明低等生物(无脊椎动物)比高等生物(脊椎动物)对银离子的毒性更为敏感。由地域条件引起的生物区系和敏感物种差异及基准推导方法的不同也会影响水质基准值。 相似文献
480.
NATHAN J. MANTUA JEREMY S. LITTELL MICHAEL A. ALEXANDER MICHELLE M. MCCLURE JANET NYE 《Conservation biology》2013,27(6):1147-1157
Increased concern over climate change is demonstrated by the many efforts to assess climate effects and develop adaptation strategies. Scientists, resource managers, and decision makers are increasingly expected to use climate information, but they struggle with its uncertainty. With the current proliferation of climate simulations and downscaling methods, scientifically credible strategies for selecting a subset for analysis and decision making are needed. Drawing on a rich literature in climate science and impact assessment and on experience working with natural resource scientists and decision makers, we devised guidelines for choosing climate‐change scenarios for ecological impact assessment that recognize irreducible uncertainty in climate projections and address common misconceptions about this uncertainty. This approach involves identifying primary local climate drivers by climate sensitivity of the biological system of interest; determining appropriate sources of information for future changes in those drivers; considering how well processes controlling local climate are spatially resolved; and selecting scenarios based on considering observed emission trends, relative importance of natural climate variability, and risk tolerance and time horizon of the associated decision. The most appropriate scenarios for a particular analysis will not necessarily be the most appropriate for another due to differences in local climate drivers, biophysical linkages to climate, decision characteristics, and how well a model simulates the climate parameters and processes of interest. Given these complexities, we recommend interaction among climate scientists, natural and physical scientists, and decision makers throughout the process of choosing and using climate‐change scenarios for ecological impact assessment. Selección y Uso de Escenarios de Cambio Climático para Estudios de Impacto Ecológico y Decisiones de Conservación 相似文献