太子河流域大型底栖动物群落结构空间分布特征

根据2009年5月太子河流域大型底栖动物野外调查结果,分别采用聚类分析(CA)、偏典范对应分析(pCCA)和指示种分析等方法,探讨了大型底栖动物在太子河流域的空间分布特征,确定了影响该流域大型底栖动物空间分布的主要环境要素,分析了不同生态区中大型底栖动物的群落差异. 结果显示,太子河流域大型底栖动物群落的空间分布差异明显,可将其划为3个空间分布区,即上游山地生态区、中游丘陵生态区和下游平原生态区;土地利用、水污染、河道物理特征和基本水质指标是影响该流域大型底栖动物群落分布的主要环境要素,总体解释率约为36.6%. 表明太子河流域大型底栖动物受到多种人为活动的干扰.      

长江中游四大家鱼产卵场的生态水文特性分析

青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼是长江流域重要的经济鱼类,但近几年其资源量急剧下降,大量水利工程的修建及河道整治是导致其资源量下降的重要原因之一。为了保护四大家鱼种质资源,确定四大家鱼产卵、繁殖同水文情势的关系,为大型水利工程的生态调度提供依据,研究选取长江中游四大家鱼产卵期的9项相关生态水文指标,分析其在四大家鱼产卵场及非产卵场之间的差异。分析结果表明,所选取的9项生态水文指标在产卵场断面和非产卵场断面没有显著差异,它们只是刺激四大家鱼产卵的必要条件,而非充分条件。同时,选取葛洲坝下典型产卵场江口断面,对比分析该断面在三峡工程正式运行前后四大家鱼产卵期内生态水文情势的变化。结果表明,所选取的9项生态水文指标大多无明显差异,个别指标因三峡蓄水略有变化,但由于三峡蓄水后时间序列较短,且2004~2006年长江来水情况较为特殊,因而目前尚无法定量化三峡工程的修建对下游四大家鱼产卵场的影响。     

全球稀土贸易的资源环境净效益与公平性

为解决稀土资源贸易的资源环境不公平问题,结合生命周期评价方法与成本效益分析方法,核算了稀土资源产品国际贸易中所有国家的实际资源环境净效益,并判断未来国际制造业的三大主要发展趋势带来的影响.结果表明,2018年稀土资源产品国际贸易的实际资源环境净效益高达85亿美元,主要贡献来自于稀土原材料产品.未来国际制造业的发展格局下,尽管绿色发展与气候目标政策会降低17%的净效益,但依然是改善资源环境不公平问题的关键政策路径;产业链转移重构政策会减少11%的净效益,加剧经济水平较低国家的资源环境不公平问题;新兴制造业发展政策会增加76%的净效益,但经济水平较低国家的资源环境不公平问题依然较为严峻.     

Bleached kraft pulp mill discharged organic matter in recipient lake sediment

Environmental properties of organic matter contained halogen and sulfur were studied in sediments of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME) recipient lakes and 2 m³ outdoor enclosures (mesocosms). The BKME contributed to 1% (v/v) of the total water flow in the lake downstream of the pulp mill where the sediments contained 1.7 to 4 mg of tetrahydrofuran extractable organic halogen (EOX-Cl) and 0.6 to 0.8 mg of tetrahydrofuran extractable organic sulfur (EOS-S) g⁻¹ of organic matter. Upstream sediment contained 0.03 mg of EOXCl and 0.7 mg of EOS-S g⁻¹ of organic matter. EOX was a better indicator for the influence of BKME in the recipient sediment than EOS. The polarity of BKME contained EOX corresponded to log K^ow of < 1, and that of the downstream sediment contained EOX to > 4.5. HP-SEC analysis of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the EOX showed a peak between 300 to 600 g mol⁻¹ for the BKME and between 1000 to 2000 g mol⁻¹ for the downstream sediment. The MWD of the BKME contained EOS peaked at 300 to 1000 g mol⁻¹, and that of the downstream sediment contained EOS at 1000 to 5000 g mol⁻¹. These results indicate that BKME contained organic halogen and sulfur undergo major structural transformations when incorporated into sediment. The biota-to-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of EOX from sediments formed downstream of the mill and in the mesocosms to the lipids ofLumbriculus variegatus was 0.4 to 0.7. This is of a similar order of magnitude to the BSAF reported for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran.     

Effects of Land Use on Threatened Species

Abstract:  There is widespread agreement that biodiversity loss must be reduced, yet to alleviate threats to plant and animal species, the forces driving these losses need to be better understood. We searched for explanatory variables for threatened-species data at the country level through land-use information instead of previously used socioeconomic and demographic variables. To explain the number of threatened species in one country, we used information on land-use patterns in all neighboring countries and on the extent of the country's sea border. We carried out multiple regressions of the numbers of threatened species as a function of land-use patterns, and we tested various specifications of this function, including spatial autocorrelation. Most cross-border land-use patterns had a significant influence on the number of threatened species, and land-use patterns explained the number of threatened species better than less proximate socioeconomic variables. More specifically, our overall results showed a highly adverse influence of plantations and permanent cropland, a weaker negative influence of permanent pasture, and, for the most part, a beneficial influence of nonarable lands and natural forest. Surprisingly, built-up land also showed a conserving influence on threatened species. The adverse influences extended to distances between about 250 km (plants) and 2000 km (birds and mammals) away from where the species threat was recorded, depending on the species. Our results highlight that legislation affecting biodiversity should look beyond national boundaries.     

Public–Private Governance Patterns and Environmental Sustainability

This paper discusses public–private governance patterns which have emerged in global environmental management. These patterns originate from a spontaneous non-governmental basis or have intentionally been created and constructed by international organisations or states. The paper identifies four patterns of environmental governance between international organisations, governments and private actors. Theoretically governance patterns in which private actors play a prominent role, pose a challenge to state sovereignty and remould the traditional state centric pattern of environmental management. However, the article emphasises the fact that these patterns remain no more than constructs of international organisations, non-governmental organisations and governments, whose first priorities are not always environmental conservation. The paper suggests that the oldest public–private type of environmental governance, in which the environmental organisations are in advocacy roles, reform environmental management in a more concrete and sustainable way than the more recently emerging patterns.     

A Freshwater Classification Approach for Biodiversity Conservation Planning

Abstract:  Freshwater biodiversity is highly endangered and faces increasing threats worldwide. To be complete, regional plans that identify critical areas for conservation must capture representative components of freshwater biodiversity as well as rare and endangered species. We present a spatially hierarchical approach to classify freshwater systems to create a coarse filter to capture representative freshwater biodiversity in regional conservation plans. The classification framework has four levels that we described using abiotic factors within a zoogeographic context and mapped in a geographic information system. Methods to classify and map units are flexible and can be automated where high-quality spatial data exist, or can be manually developed where such data are not available. Products include a spatially comprehensive inventory of mapped and classified units that can be used remotely to characterize regional patterns of aquatic ecosystems. We provide examples of classification procedures in data-rich and data-poor regions from the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest of North America and the upper Paraguay River in central South America. The approach, which has been applied in North, Central, and South America, provides a relatively rapid and pragmatic way to account for representative freshwater biodiversity at scales appropriate to regional assessments.     

可再生能源发电配额制政策(RPS)研究

本文首先解释了可再生能源发电配额制政策的基本含义。然后 ,通过比较英国、美国、荷兰、丹麦和澳大利亚五国的可再生能源发电配额制政策 ,总结了实施RPS的国际经验 ,包括成功的经验和失败的教训 ,提出了以及对中国实施RPS的政策建议     

国际化学品安全卡(中文版)网络数据库查询系统的设计与实现

概述了国际化学品安全卡（中文版）网络查询系统的建设、主要内容及其查询方法。重点介绍了系统的设计思想，采用ASP编程技术实现了该查询系统的设计和运行。     

中巴喀喇昆仑公路奥依塔格-布伦口段泥石流灾害及防治

中巴公路奥依塔克镇-布伦口段位于喀喇昆仑山盖孜河流域,区域气候干燥而寒冷,属暖温带大陆性气候,气候差异大。路线主要位于山岭重丘区,地质条件复杂,泥石流每年均有暴发。泥石流灾害对公路的正常通行影响较大。通过大量的野外调查研究中巴喀喇昆仑公路奥依塔克镇-布伦口段泥石流灾害的形成条件、爆发频率、分布规律、危害方式以及危害程度,提出针对中巴公路奥依塔克镇-布伦口段改建项目特点的泥石流防治原则。