反食物损失和浪费：日本经验与镜鉴

中国食物浪费问题严重,对粮食安全及资源环境构成重大挑战。新出台的《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》开启了食物系统节流战略的顶层设计,而具体可操作的落地机制亟待探寻。研究通过政策归纳总结、趋势统计、对比分析等方法,参考日本官方网站发布的第一手资料,从法律演进、政策目标、机构职能、监测体系、国民行动等方面梳理了日本减少食物浪费的做法。研究指出：日本通过扩大生产者责任、制定食物系统节流目标、构建食物损失监测和核算体系、开展多部门协作,形成了较为完善的反食物浪费政策保障体系。基于日本经验的启示,凝练出中国未来反食物损失和浪费的政策路径与对策：食物安全理念应由增产导向转为开源、节流双向发力;增强法律的针对性和约束性;开展跨部门协作机制,全环节减少粮食浪费;构建食物损失和浪费监测核算体系,分行业分对象设计节流目标。     

湿地垦殖对土壤微生物量及土壤溶解有机碳、氮的影响

对三江平原天然沼泽湿地及湿地垦殖后的农田、弃耕还湿地、人工林地等不同土地利用方式下表层土壤(0～10cm)的活性碳、氮组分:微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、溶解有机氮(DON)进行了研究.结果表明,天然小叶章沼泽湿地垦殖为农田后,表层土壤各活性碳、氮组分显著降低:MBC减少了63.8%～80.5%; MBN减少了56.3%～67.1%; DOC减少了43.1%～44.3%; DON减少了25.2%～56.1%.农田弃耕还湿和人工造林后表层土壤的活性碳、氮组分有明显恢复的趋势,各组分恢复到天然小叶章湿地土壤水平的36.1%～59.9%(MBC);46.7%～65.9%(MBN);67.0%～69.3%(DOC);81.2%～88.3%(DON),土地利用方式是影响土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON变化的重要因素;各土地利用方式表层土壤的DOC、DON、MBC、MBN呈显著的正相关关系,土地利用方式对表层土壤DOC的影响大于对DON的影响;各土地利用方式下土壤微生物可利用碳、氮的来源不同是影响DOC、DON与MBC、MBN相关性差别明显的主要原因.     

外商投资与国际贸易对中国沿海地区资源环境的影响

论文从定性描述和定量描述的角度,分别对外商投资和国际贸易对沿海地区的资源环境影响进行分析。通过研究发现,尽管在产值总量上,外商投资和国际贸易对沿海地区的资源压力和环境污染做出“贡献”,但是从弹性系数角度,外商投资和国际贸易对地区资源压力和环境污染的影响在逐渐减缓,表明外商投资和国际贸易并不是导致我国沿海地区资源环境压力加大的“罪魁祸首”,反而是减缓这种压力的主要贡献力量。但是,不可否认,在我国接受经济全球化影响的早期阶段,由于部分地区急于吸引外资,以及我国环境管理体系的不完善,的确在某些方面,外资和外贸对沿海地区的资源和环境造成了负面影响。     

太子河流域大型底栖动物群落结构空间分布特征

根据2009年5月太子河流域大型底栖动物野外调查结果,分别采用聚类分析(CA)、偏典范对应分析(pCCA)和指示种分析等方法,探讨了大型底栖动物在太子河流域的空间分布特征,确定了影响该流域大型底栖动物空间分布的主要环境要素,分析了不同生态区中大型底栖动物的群落差异. 结果显示,太子河流域大型底栖动物群落的空间分布差异明显,可将其划为3个空间分布区,即上游山地生态区、中游丘陵生态区和下游平原生态区;土地利用、水污染、河道物理特征和基本水质指标是影响该流域大型底栖动物群落分布的主要环境要素,总体解释率约为36.6%. 表明太子河流域大型底栖动物受到多种人为活动的干扰.      

脉冲式盐水及Fe(III)施加对河口感潮淡水湿地土壤产甲烷菌和硫酸盐还原菌群落结构和数量的影响

以闽江河口塔礁洲感潮淡水河岸野慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia Linn.）沼泽湿地为研究对象,通过连续一年每月脉冲式施加人造海水和Fe（OH）₃溶液,研究了脉冲式盐水入侵和Fe（III）浓度增强对河口感潮沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌和硫酸盐还原菌群落结构的影响.结果显示,单独Fe（III）施加显著提高了土壤Fe（III）含量,单独盐水施加提高了土壤电导率及间隙水SO₄^2-、Cl^-和NH₄⁺浓度,在Fe（III）和盐水交互作用下间隙水NO₃^-浓度显著降低.土壤产甲烷菌主要包括甲烷微菌目（Methanomicrobiales）、八叠球菌目（Methanosarcinales）、甲烷杆菌目（Methanobacteriales）和Methanomassiliicoccales,硫酸盐还原菌主要有脱硫弧菌目（Desulfovibrionales）、脱硫杆菌目（Desulfobacterales）、互营杆菌目（Syntrophobacterales）和梭菌目（Clostridiales）.无论是脉冲式盐水入侵、Fe（III）浓度增强或是两者交互作用对于土壤产甲烷菌和硫酸盐还原菌多样性及群落结构的影响均不显著.与目水平相比,硫酸盐还原菌在属水平上对于各添加处理的响应更为明显,其中盐水+Fe（III）处理下Desulfatibacillum和Desulfovirga的相对丰度明显增加.RDA分析表明,土壤电导率对产甲烷菌群落结构的影响最为显著,Fe（III）是影响硫酸盐还原菌的重要环境因子,且Desulfatibacillum、Desulfobulbus、Desulfovirga等菌属对环境因子的响应较为敏感.研究表明,脉冲式盐水入侵及三价铁浓度增加对于我国东南沿海河口感潮淡水沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌和硫酸盐还原菌无显著影响.     

Evaluation of the International Vehicle Emission （IVE） model with on-road remote sensing measurements

Intemational Vehicle Emissions （IVE） model funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） is designed to estimate emissions from motor vehicles in developing countries. In this study, the IVE model was evaluated by utilizing a dataset available from the remote sensing measurements on a large number of vehicles at five different sites in Hangzhou, China, in 2004 and 2005. Average fuel-based emission factors derived from the remote sensing measurements were compared with corresponding emission factors derived from IVE calculations for urban, hot stabilized condition. The results show a good agreement between the two methods for gasoline passenger cars＇ HC emission for all 1VE subsectors and technology classes. In the case of CO emissions, the modeled results were reasonably good, although systematically underestimate the emissions by almost 12%-50% for different technology classes. However, the model totally overestimated NOx emissions. The IVE NOx emission factors were 1.5-3.5 times of the remote sensing measured ones. The IVE model was also evaluated for light duty gasoline truck, heavy duty gasoline vehicles and motor cycles. A notable result was observed that the decrease in emissions from technology class State II to State I were overestimated by the IVE model compared to remote sensing measurements for all the three pollutants. Finally, in order to improve emission estimation, the adjusted base emission factors from local studies are strongly recommended to be used in the IVE model.     

Microplastic contamination in Great Lakes fish

Freshwater ecosystems, generally adjacent to human population and more contaminated relative to adjacent marine ecosystems, are vulnerable to microplastic contamination. We sampled 7 species of fish from Lake Ontario and Lake Superior and assessed their gastrointestinal (GI) tracts to quantify ingested microplastics and other anthropogenic particles. A subset of the microparticles were chemically analyzed to confirm polymer types and anthropogenic origins. We documented the highest concentration of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles ever reported in bony fish. We found 12,442 anthropogenic microparticles across 212 fish (8 species) from nearshore Lake Ontario, 943 across 50 fish (1 species) from Humber River, and 3094 across 119 fish (7 species) from Lake Superior. Fish from Lake Ontario had the greatest mean abundance of anthropogenic microparticles in their GI tracts (59 particles/fish [SD 104]), with up to 915 microparticles in a single fish. Fish from Lake Superior contained a mean [SD] of 26 [74] particles/fish, and fish from Humber River contained 19 [14] particles/fish. Most particles were microfibers. Overall, ≥90% of particles were anthropogenic, of which 35-59% were microplastics. Polyethylene (24%), polyethylene terephthalate (20%), and polypropylene (18%) were the most common microplastics. Ingestion of anthropogenic particles was significantly different among species within Lake Ontario (p < 0.05), and the abundance of anthropogenic particles increased as fish length increased in Lake Ontario (ρ = 0.62). Although we cannot extrapolate the concentration of microplastics in the water and sediments of these fish, the relatively high abundance of microplastics in the GI tracts of fish suggests environmental exposure may be above threshold concentrations for risk.     

主要发达国家碳达峰碳中和的实践经验及对中国的启示

气候变化问题是人类社会共同面临的重大挑战，关系到人类生存和各国利益。推进碳达峰碳中和是中国的一项重大战略决策，是负责任大国对国际社会的庄严承诺，也是推动高质量发展的内在要求。本文归纳分析欧盟、美国、日本、韩国、德国、英国等主要发达经济体碳达峰的经济社会特征、碳中和的路径共识，系统梳理推动实现碳达峰碳中和的经验举措，对比分析中国国内进展和差距，并提出重点借鉴的国际经验与启示。研究发现，中国已经逐步具备实现碳达峰国家的基本特征，但相比发达国家，在降碳效果核算评估、低碳安全高效能源系统构建、碳价格传导机制设计、低碳技术创新和新业态模式打造、法规制度系统化构建等方面仍有差距，仍需加强政策驱动和重点国际经验借鉴，进一步优化“双碳”目标评估指标体系，将构建清洁、低碳、安全、高效能源系统作为能源生产和消费革命的主要目标，有序推进碳排放权交易市场建设和能源资源市场化价格调控，强化绿色低碳技术的研发创新，加快构建形成系统性推动“双碳”目标的法规体系。     

Contribution of warm habitat to cold-water fisheries

A central tenet of landscape ecology is that mobile species depend on complementary habitats, which are insufficient in isolation, but combine to support animals through the full annual cycle. However, incorporating the dynamic needs of mobile species into conservation strategies remains a challenge, particularly in the context of climate adaptation planning. For cold-water fishes, it is widely assumed that maximum temperatures are limiting and that summer data alone can predict refugia and population persistence. We tested these assumptions in populations of redband rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss newberrii) in an arid basin, where the dominance of hot, hyperproductive water in summer emulates threats of climate change predicted for cold-water fish in other basins. We used telemetry to reveal seasonal patterns of movement and habitat use. Then, we compared contributions of hot and cool water to growth with empirical indicators of diet and condition (gut contents, weight–length ratios, electric phase angle, and stable isotope signatures) and a bioenergetics model. During summer, trout occurred only in cool tributaries or springs (<20 °C) and avoided Upper Klamath Lake (>25 °C). During spring and fall, ≥65% of trout migrated to the lake (5–50 km) to forage. Spring and fall growth (mean [SD] 0.58% per day [0.80%] and 0.34 per day [0.55%], respectively) compensated for a net loss of energy in cool summer refuges (–0.56% per day [0.55%]). In winter, ≥90% of trout returned to tributaries (25–150 km) to spawn. Thus, although perennially cool tributaries supported thermal refuge and spawning, foraging opportunities in the seasonally hot lake ultimately fueled these behaviors. Current approaches to climate adaptation would prioritize the tributaries for conservation but would devalue critical foraging habitat because the lake is unsuitable and unoccupied during summer. Our results empirically demonstrate that warm water can fuel cold-water fisheries and challenge the common practice of identifying refugia based only on summer conditions.     

Identifying opportunities for expert-mediated triangulation in monitoring wildlife trade on social media

Wildlife trade has rapidly expanded on social media platforms in recent years, offering an easy means for traders to access international markets. Investigating this trade activity poses a complex challenge to researchers seeking to understand online trade and moderators seeking to disrupt illicit and harmful activity. Current survey methods frequently rely on text-based searches and focus on posts in which the advertisement is explicit. However, such approaches risk overlooking a growing volume of relevant content, particularly outside social media groups. We used posts from pages promoting West African birds for trade as a case study to explore the availability of information for making inferences about trade activity on social media, specifically information indicating that trade activity was occurring or that could be used to infer trade routes. We recorded 400 posts from 12 pages that we inferred either promoted or facilitated wildlife trade, of which 19.7% were explicit advertisements and 23.8% contained taxa-related terms. In the remaining 341 posts, profile information was the most common indicator of trade activity, but a variety of indicators (e.g., images of birds in trade and trade enquiries) were identified across imagery, text, and comments. We identified multiple types of geographical information that could help infer trade routes and thus the likely legality of trade, although most were relatively rare and sometimes contradictory. Our findings suggest that triangulating multiple types of information from within, across, and beyond posts is vital for effectively identifying and interpreting wildlife trade content on social media. Therefore, were commend that expert-mediated triangulation should be integrated in and used alongside automated detection systems and moderating practices of social media companies.