Adaptive sex allocation by brood reduction in antechinuses

Antechinuses (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia) exhibit dramatic interpopulation variation in the sex ratio at birth, a pattern which has previously been interpreted in terms of both local resource competition and Trivers/Willard effects. However, Antechinus stuartii usually fail to wean all the young that attach to their teats. At least in captivity, this is because they often eat their young. In free-living populations, brood reduction affects sons and daughters differently. Mothers virtually always wean some daughters. The probability that a daughter will be weaned declines with the number of daughters in the pouch. The health or quality of the mother does not affect the number of daughters weaned. By contrast, mothers tend to wean all or none of their sons. A strong correlate of infanticide against sons is senescence. Old mothers rarely invest in sons, and produce low-quality daughters. Mothers suffer a direct cost (mortality during lace lactation) of male-biased litters. Coupled with data on prenatal sex allocation, these results support the conjoint influence of local resource competition and the Trivers-Willard effect. However, they suggest that in populations where females are largely semelparous, the population optimum generated by local resource competition may be unattainable, because of the importance of producing at least one daughter. These observations support recent theoretical claims that the sex ratio at the population level is not easily predicted, but suggest that the diversity of mammalian sex allocation tactics has been underestimated.     

Effect of blue tit song syntax on great tit territorial responsiveness – an experimental test of the character shift hypothesis

A previous study of geographic variation in blue tit (Parus caeruleus) song structure showed that changes in blue tit song syntax (i.e. presence/absence of a trill) are correlated with the breeding density of a close competitor, the great tit (P. major), and are not correlated with other environmental factors such as vegetation structure or blue tit breeding density. We tested the hypothesis that blue tit trilled song represents a character shift that evolved because it reduced territorial interactions with more dominant great tits. We conducted five sets of playback trials in three study populations (mainland southern France, Corsica and Denmark) presenting male great tits with blue tit trilled and untrilled songs and great tit songs. We found that great tits respond equally strongly to both blue tit untrilled songs and to great tit songs, but show a significantly weaker response to blue tit trilled songs. These findings are the first experimental evidence that interspecific competition may play an important role in macrogeographic variation of bird song. Received: 10 October 1999 / Received in revised form: 2 April 2000 / Accepted: 15 April 2000     

微生物燃料电池阳极室内电子受体竞争研究

采用不锈钢金属丝阳极构建了管状单室无质子交换膜空气阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),并以葡萄糖为唯一电子供体,研究了该MFC的性能. 分别以含葡萄糖、葡萄糖+硝酸钾、葡萄糖+硫酸钠、葡萄糖+氯化铁的培养液注入MFC,分析和检测MFC外接电阻上的电压与各底物的起止浓度. 结果表明,MFC室内的电子受体氧化还原势越高,对固体电极接受和传输电子的影响越大,固体电极接受电子的能力介于NO₃-和SO₄2－之间,接近Fe3+.      

Conflict Between Establishment of Instream Flows and Other Water Uses on Western Streams1

ABSTRACT: Establishment of minimum stream flows on most streams in arid areas of the west will create serious water conflicts. Much economic activity is dependent upon a limited water supply. to attempt to reallocate water to maintain minimum flows will cause severe disruption to planned uses of water and to weak segments of the economy such as irrigated agriculture.     

Microecosystem Analysis of the Structure and Functions of Forest Biogeocenoses

The microecosystem approach and an adequate system of quantitative methods have been used to study the relationship between the chorologic changes in the structure and functions of edificator tree stand and other components of the pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest cenoecosystems of the Transural and Northern Turgai regions. Significant correlations of the density of pine undergrowth with the litter thickness; of its growth with root competition, stand closeness, and, to a lower degree, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); and of the numbers of small mammals and groups of soil mesofauna with herbaceous phytomass have been found. The possibility of the synthesis of population-ecological, synecological, and biogeocenological methods has been demonstrated.     

战略管理在企业管理中的重要性

面对激烈变化、严峻挑战的经营环境,企业欲求得长期生存和不断发展就必须进行总体性谋划。而战略管理便是这种总体性谋划的关键一环。本文主要从战略管理的意义和实施两方面介绍企业应在充分利用环境中存在的各种机会和创造新机会的基础上,确定企业和环境的关系,规定企业从事的经营范围,合理地调动企业结构和分配企业的全部资源,从而使企业获得某种竞争优势。     

Effects of elevated CO_2 on sensitivity of six species of algae and interspecific competition of three species of alga

Introduction The atm ospheric C O 2 concentration increases at a rate of 1.5 滋 m ol/(m ol·a) and w ill double com pared to pre-industrial levels around the year 2050 (W atson et al., 1990). Its effects and m echanism by elevated CO 2 on global clim ate,…     

MBBR泥膜复合系统泥膜竞争关系的影响因素

为探究MBBR泥膜复合硝化系统内泥膜竞争关系,通过小试试验研究了水处理过程中常规因素(污泥浓度、DO、温度、C/N)对MBBR泥膜复合系统硝化效果的影响,分析了系统内污泥容积负荷和移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR,Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor)生物膜容积负荷变化趋势,进而得出泥膜竞争规律.结果表明,MBBR泥膜复合系统容积负荷均大于单一污泥或MBBR生物膜系统的容积负荷.在一定范围内,污泥浓度、DO、温度与MBBR泥膜复合系统容积负荷呈现正相关,且系统内活性污泥在与MBBR生物膜在竞争DO和基质时优势明显,而MBBR生物膜则具有更强的耐低温能力.进水C/N与MBBR泥膜复合系统硝化负荷呈负相关,且活性污泥在应对进水C/N过高时较MBBR生物膜更具优势,MBBR的\"镶嵌\"则强化了系统SND效果.微生物群落变化显示MBBR泥膜复合系统内的硝化细菌优势菌属为Nitrospira,且悬浮载体生物膜对其富集能力明显高于活性污泥.     

静息细胞对亚甲基蓝染料和Pb（Ⅱ）同步吸附的模型研究

采用K. oxytoca菌株制成生物吸附剂（LRC）对亚甲基蓝染料（MB）和Pb（Ⅱ）二元体系的吸附进行实验研究,并结合高等统计物理模型对吸附机理进行阐述.通过静态吸附实验研究了在不同接触时间和溶液pH条件下对LRC去除染料MB和Pb（Ⅱ）的影响,并通过实验研究发现两种污染物在二元吸附体系中表现出了吸附拮抗作用.利用单能量单吸附层（MSA）和单层扩展（MBA）统计物理模型对一元吸附体系和二元吸附体系进行拟合,均具有较好的拟合结果 .在单元体系中,LRC对MB和Pb（Ⅱ）最大饱和吸附量分别为163.61 mg·g^-1和129.83 mg·g^-1;在二元体系中,LRC对MB和Pb（Ⅱ）的最大饱和吸附量分别为141.47 mg·g^-1和96.99 mg·g^-1.同时,该模型中的拟合参数（n_i、D_m、E_i）能够阐述其不同的物理意义,并提出了新的吸附质与吸附剂之间的结合机制.     

赤潮异湾藻与三角褐指藻的竞争及其化感作用初探

文章通过对赤潮异湾藻和三角褐指藻间竞争及其化感作用的论述,定性分析了两种微藻单独培养和共培养的最大环境容量(K)和生长速率(r)等生长参数,同时利用逻辑斯谛方程和Lotka-Volterra的竞争模型进一步定量比较了微藻间的竞争力参数(α和β),并采用对比微藻在f/2培养基中和其他微藻滤液中生长情况的方法,初步探讨了赤潮异湾藻和三角褐指藻间竞争产生的原因。结果表明,赤潮异湾藻对三角褐指藻有强烈抑制作用(α=6.38),而三角褐指藻对赤潮异湾藻抑制非常轻微(β=0.23),赤潮异湾藻的竞争能力大大强于三角褐指藻,推测这种竞争作用与这两种微藻间存在的化感作用相关外,还可能与其他因素如接触性信息传递等相关。此研究对调控藻类生物的生长和数量变化、鱼虾蟹等水产养殖水体中藻害的防治以及海洋生态环境的改善都具有相当的理论意义。