硫/沸石固定床去除硝酸盐工艺研究

采用硫/沸石固定床反应器去除水中硝酸盐。实验结果表明,在硫/沸石固定床反应器内通过自养反硝化作用能使水体中硝酸盐得到有效的去除。在硫与沸石的体积比为1∶2,水力停留时间为2 h,进水COD为50 mg/L时,出水硝酸盐去除率可达到95%以上;不外加碳源,总氮的去除率仍可达80%以上;在不投加CaCO3的情况下,出水pH可始终保持7.0;温度对该反应器硝酸盐的去除率影响不大,进水水温为12℃时总氮（TN）去除率仍可达91.1%。     

好氧反硝化菌的脱氮特性研究与探讨

本论文对好氧反硝化菌株FR2,FX5,FW4在好氧条件下的反硝化特性进行了研究。结果表明：反硝化主要发生在菌体的对数生长期,且反硝化过程中NO2^--N有少量的积累。 对不同温度、pH、碳源对好氧反硝化作用的影响进行了研究,结果表明：该三株菌在好氧条件下均具有良好的反硝化效果;温度为25℃～30℃的中性和微碱性条件反硝化效果较好;以乙酸钠为碳源的反硝化效果最好,NO3^-N的去除率最高。以葡萄糖为碳源的反硝化效果最差,NO3^-N的去除率最低。     

Evaluation of nitrate and trace elements concentration in drinking water:Bottled,tap and well

Concentrations of nitrate and trace elements such as arsenic,cadmium,chromium,copper,manganese,nickel,lead,selenium,antimony and mercury in 18 different brands of bottled water were investigated.For comparison,samples of tap and well water from three different places of Tehran were also analyzed.UV/VIS spectrophotometer and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer were used for the analysis of nitrate and trace elements,respectively.Results obtained were compared to Iranian,World Health Organization(WHO)and Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)guideline for drinking water.Nitrate concentration in bottled,tap and well water samples were in maximum safe nitrate concentration of Iranian and WHO standards.However,70%of bottled water samples and one sample of tap water were below the standard level proposed by EPA and probably remedial action should be taken.Concentration levels of all analyzed elements investigated in all examined water samples were below the maximum contaminant level prescribed by Iranian,WHO and EPA regulations.     

滇池周边浅层地下水硝酸盐来源及转化过程识别

明确硝酸盐的主要来源及转化过程对地下水氮污染防治和水资源开发利用具有重要意义.为了探明滇池周边浅层地下水中硝酸盐污染现状及来源,于2020年雨季（10月）和2021年旱季（4月）在滇池周边共采集73个浅层地下水样,运用水化学和氮氧同位素（δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-、δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-）识别浅层地下水中硝酸盐的空间分布、来源及转化过程,并结合同位素混合模型（SIAR）定量评价不同来源氮对浅层地下水硝酸盐的贡献.结果表明,旱季浅层地下水中有40.5%的采样点ρ（NO₃^--N）超过地下水质量标准（GB/T 14848）Ⅲ类水质规定的20 mg·L^-1,雨季超过47.2%的采样点ρ（NO₃^--N）超过20 mg·L^-1.氮氧同位素和SIAR模型分析结果证明了土壤有机氮、化肥氮、粪肥和污水氮是浅层地下水硝酸盐的主要来源,以上氮源对旱季浅层地下水中硝酸盐的贡献率分别为13.9%、11.8%和66.5%,对雨季的贡献率分别为33.7%、31.1%和25.9%,而大气氮沉降贡献率仅为8.5%,对该区浅层地下水中硝酸盐来源贡献较小.硝化作用是旱季浅层地下水中硝态氮转化的主导过程,雨季以反硝化作用为主,且反硝化作用雨季比旱季明显.     

淀山湖浮游藻类增长的氮磷限制性营养研究

2009年1月至12月对淀山湖浮游藻类生物量及主要营养元素N、P含量进行了监测,并利用藻类增长的生物学评价（NEB）方法对浮游藻类增长的限制性营养元素进行了研究,采用双变量相关性分析了水体中N、P含量与浮游藻类生物量的相关性.结果表明,磷含量与藻类生物量有显著的正相关（Rmax=0.980）,添加磷能明显促进藻类生物量...     

杂质对硝酸铵水溶液临界爆炸温度的影响

利用自制装置对含杂质的硝酸铵水溶液临界爆炸温度进行测试研究.结果表明,Cl-单独作用在一定程度上抑制硝酸铵溶液的热分解,提高了其临界爆炸温度;pH值一定时,随着Cl-浓度的增大,硝酸铵水溶液的临界爆炸温度呈指数形式降低;Cl-浓度一定时,pH值越小,硝酸铵水溶液的临界爆炸温度越低;油脂会降低硝酸铵溶液的热稳定性.该结果...     

自然降雨下蔬菜地土壤侵蚀及氮素流失特征

为探究自然降雨下露天蔬菜地土壤侵蚀及氮素养分流失特征,基于径流小区原位观测试验,设置叶菜类和果菜类这2种处理,测定次降雨下不同类型蔬菜地坡面地表径流、侵蚀及其氮素(铵态氮和硝态氮)流失量,探讨露天蔬菜种植坡面土壤侵蚀及氮素流失特征及影响因素.结果表明：(1)果菜类(茄子-辣椒)蔬菜地的地表径流、侵蚀量及铵态氮、硝态氮流失量显著高于叶菜类(油麦菜-红薯叶),是后者的1.27～2.00倍.不同处理下第二季蔬菜坡面地表径流、侵蚀及其铵态氮和硝态氮流失占总流失量的50.86%～68.83%,是第一季蔬菜的1.03～2.04倍.蔬菜地坡面地表径流、侵蚀及其氮素流失集中在6月和7月,地表径流和侵蚀泥沙中氮素主要以地表径流中的硝态氮形式流失.(2)次降雨下,不同处理蔬菜地坡面地表径流、侵蚀及其养分流失在蔬菜生长期内呈波动变化,且流失量主要集中在几场典型降雨.整体上不同处理下第一季蔬菜地表径流和侵蚀泥沙中硝态氮和铵态氮流失量及含量低于第二季蔬菜,果菜类地表径流、侵蚀量及铵态氮、硝态氮流失量高于叶菜类.(3)蔬菜地坡面地表径流、侵蚀及其铵态氮和硝态氮流失量与降雨量和最大30 min降雨强度等降雨参数呈极...     

Marine aquaculture regulates dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes in a typical semi-enclosed bay of southeastern China

Marine aquaculture in semi-enclosed bays can significantly influence nutrient cycling in coastal ecosystems. However, the impact of marine aquaculture on the dynamics of dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes (DNRPs) and the fate of reactive nitrogen remain poorly understood. In this study, the rates of DNRPs and the abundances of related functional genes were investigated in aquaculture and non-aquaculture areas. The results showed that marine aquaculture significantly increased the denitrification (DNF) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rates and decreased the rate of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANA), as compared with non-aquaculture sites. DNF was the dominant pathway contributing to the total nitrate reduction, and its contribution to the total nitrate reduction significantly increased from 66.72% at non-aquaculture sites to 78.50% at aquaculture sites. Marine aquaculture can significantly affect the physicochemical characteristics of sediment and the abundances of related functional genes, leading to variations in the nitrate reduction rates. Although nitrate removal rates increased in the marine aquaculture area, ammonification rates and the nitrogen retention index in the aquaculture areas were 2.19 and 1.24 times, respectively, higher than those at non-aquaculture sites. Net reactive nitrogen retention exceeded nitrogen removal in the aquaculture area, and the retained reactive nitrogen could diffuse with the tidal current to the entire bay, thereby aggravating N pollution in the entire study area. These results show that marine aquaculture is the dominant source of nitrogen pollution in semi-enclosed bays. This study can provide insights into nitrogen pollution control in semi-enclosed bays with well-developed marine aquaculture.     

RELATION OF NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS TO BASEFLOW IN THE RACCOON RIVER,IOWA1

ABSTRACT: Excessive nitrate‐nitrogen (nitrate) export from the Raccoon River in west central Iowa is an environmental concern to downstream receptors. The 1972 to 2000 record of daily streamflow and the results from 981 nitrate measurements were examined to describe the relation of nitrate to streamflow in the Raccoon River. No long term trends in streamflow and nitrate concentrations were noted in the 28‐year record. Strong seasonal patterns were evident in nitrate concentrations, with higher concentrations occurring in spring and fall. Nitrate concentrations were linearly related to streamflow at daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual time scales. At all time scales evaluated, the relation was improved when baseflow was used as the discharge variable instead of total streamflow. Nitrate concentrations were found to be highly stratified according to flow, but there was little relation of nitrate to streamflow within each flow range. Simple linear regression models developed to predict monthly mean nitrate concentrations explained as much as 76 percent of the variability in the monthly nitrate concentration data for 2001. Extrapolation of current nitrate baseflow relations to historical conditions in the Raccoon River revealed that increasing baseflow over the 20th century could account for a measurable increase in nitrate concentrations.     

Influence of physical properties of ammonium nitrate on the detonation behaviour of ANFO

In order to obtain a better understanding of the non-ideal detonation behaviour of ammonium nitrate based explosives, detonation velocities of ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) prepared with different kinds of ammonium nitrate (AN) were measured in steel tubes. In this series of test six kinds of AN were used and the influence of the pore diameter, the pore volume and the particle diameter of the AN particle on the detonation velocity of ANFO was investigated.

It was found that the pore diameter and the pore volume had a strong influence on the detonation velocities of ANFO. In the case of ANFO samples which were prepared with AN that had the same pore diameter and the pore volume, when tested the highest detonation velocity (3.85 km/s) was observed when the smallest particle diameter (<0.85 mm) was used. This value corresponded to 75% of the ideal detonation velocity, which was theoretically predicted by the CHEETAH code with the JCZ3-EOS.

The 12 months aging showed the change of the detonation velocities of ANFO and the reaction of ANFO was influenced both by the physical and the chemical properties of AN particles and oil during the storage period.