基于Fe~0的PRB去除地下水中硝酸盐的模拟研究

由于地下水中硝酸盐污染的普遍性、难去除性和对人体健康的潜在危害性而引起人们的广泛关注。本研究通过柱实验,研究了不同条件(进水pH、砂/Fe0体积比和添加锯末)对基于Fe0的模拟渗透性反应墙(permeable reactivebarrier,PRB)去除地下水中硝酸盐的影响。结果表明,由于黄土的碱性和缓冲作用,进水pH的影响不显著;5~6∶1的砂/Fe0(S/Fe)体积比既可提高铁粉利用率,又有利于硝酸盐的还原并延长PRB的有效期;铁腐蚀产物引起铁粉粘固而导致PRB的渗透性和反应性降低,尤其在反应区的进水口端;虽然酸预处理Fe0有助于硝酸盐的还原,但更容易引起堵塞,而在Fe0体系中加入活性炭不仅可提高硝酸盐的去除率,还可延长PRB的有效期,是一种很好的辅助填料;同时添加锯末和Fe0的生物-化学联合法更有助于硝酸盐还原并提高出水水质,具有很好的应用潜力;不同条件下,出水中的氨和亚硝酸盐的浓度相差较大,但可溶性铁浓度均低于饮用水标准(0.3 mg/L)。Fe0的化学还原和锯末的生物反硝化是硝酸盐去除的主要机理。本研究表明,基于Fe0的PRB用于去除中性或偏碱性地下水中的硝酸盐污染具有很大的潜力。     

纳米铁-微生物耦合体系去除硝酸盐的影响因素研究

采用液相还原法制备出纳米铁粒子,并与自养反硝化细菌耦合,以解决单独使用生物反硝化和纳米铁还原法的不足。本实验在纳米铁-微生物耦合体系可以有效还原硝酸盐的基础上,研究了pH、温度和DO等环境因素对该耦合体系脱氮速率和产物的影响,以期通过优化参数达到最好的脱氮效果。结果表明,该体系在中性条件下能够快速将硝酸盐还原,随pH升高,氨氮比例无显著变化,均在40%左右,但还原速率有所下降;随温度的升高,氨氮比例有所上升,而反应速率明显升高,但该体系在5℃时仍能将硝酸盐完全去除;耦合体系中的DO过高或过低都会导致产物中氨氮比例的增加,0.4 mg/L左右为较适宜DO水平,但对硝酸盐还原速率的影响不大,当DO为0.8 mg/L时,硝酸盐仍可以在8 d内完全去除。因此,该耦合脱氮体系对pH、温度和DO的适应能力较强,有利于实际地下水的原位修复。     

硝酸异辛酯热安定性的实验研究

使用加速量热仪(ARC)研究硝酸异辛酯(EHN)的热分解,得到热分解温度随时间的变化曲线,自放热速率、分解压力随温度的变化曲线以及分解压力随升温速率的变化曲线。分析在绝热条件下硝酸异辛酯的热分解反应动力学和热分解过程,计算表观活化能、指前因子和反应热等参数。根据绝热热分解的起始温度和反应热数据,给出硝酸异辛酯在反应危险度等级中的分类,并计算在75℃时的反应风险指数。     

Spatial Variability of Nitrate Concentrations Under Diverse Conditions in Tributaries to a Lake Watershed1

Abstract: Nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) concentrations in stream water often respond uniquely to changes in inter‐annual conditions (e.g., biological N uptake and precipitation) in individual catchments. In this paper, we assess (1) how the spatial distribution of NO₃‐N concentrations varies across a dense network of nonnested catchments and (2) how relationships between multiple landscape factors [within whole catchments and hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) of the catchments] and stream NO₃‐N are expressed under a variety of annual conditions. Stream NO₃‐N data were collected during two synoptic sampling events across >55 tributaries and two synoptic sampling periods with >11 tributaries during summer low flow periods. Sample tributaries drain mixed land cover watersheds ranging in size from 0.150 to 312 km² and outlet directly to Cayuga Lake, New York. Changes in NO₃‐N concentration ratios between each sampling event suggest a high degree of spatial heterogeneity in catchment response across the Cayuga Lake Watershed, ranging from 0.230 to 61.4. Variations in NO₃‐N concentrations within each of the large synoptic sampling events were also high, ranging from 0.040 to 8.7 mg NO₃‐N/l (March) and 0.090 to 15.5 mg NO₃‐N/l (October). Although Pearson correlation coefficients suggest that this variability is related to multiple landscape factors during all four sampling events, partial correlations suggest percentage of row crops in the catchments as the only similar factor in March and October and catchment area as the only factor during summer low flows. Further, the strength of the relationships is typically lower in the HSAs of catchment. Advancing current understanding of such variations and relationships to landscape factors across multiple catchments – and under a variety of biogeochemical and hydrological conditions – is important, as (1) nitrate continues to be employed as an indicator of regional aquatic ecosystem health and services and (2) a unified framework approach for understanding individual catchment processes is a rapidly evolving focus for catchment‐based science and management.     

Impact of an Invasive Exotic Species on Stream Nitrogen Levels in Southern Illinois1

Abstract: Autumn‐olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) is an invasive, exotic shrub that has become naturalized in the eastern United States. Autumn‐olive fixes nitrogen (N) via a symbiotic relationship with the actinomycete Frankia. At the plot scale, the presence of autumn‐olive has been related to elevated soil water nitrate‐N (NO₃^?‐N) concentrations. This study examined the relationship between autumn‐olive cover in a watershed and stream water quality. Stream water nitrate‐N (NO₃^?‐N) and ammonium‐N (NH₄⁺‐N) concentrations were measured in 12 first order ephemeral streams draining watersheds with mixed forest cover and a range of 0‐35% autumn‐olive cover. Percent autumn‐olive cover was positively correlated with mean stream NO₃^?‐N concentrations, but was not correlated with mean stream NH₄⁺‐N concentrations. While other studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between native N‐fixers and stream NO₃^?‐N, this is the first study to document a relationship for an invasive, exotic N‐fixing species. Results suggest that this exotic species can be an additional source of NO₃^? in local and regional water bodies and demonstrates an additional negative ecosystem consequence of invasion beyond losses in biodiversity.     

Plant Uptake/Bioavailability of Heavy Metals from the Contaminated Soil after Treatment with Humus Soil and Hydroxyapatite

Cellulose nitrate membrane filter was used for the preconcentration-separation of Cu, Co, Cd, Pb and Cr ions. The analyte ions were collected on the membrane filter by the aid of carmine. Then membrane filter was dissolved by using nitric acid. The levels of the analytes in the final solutions were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The analytical parameters including pH, amounts of carmine, sample volumes etc. have been optimized. No influences have been observed from the matrix ions. The detection limits for analytes were in the range of 0.08 μg/l-0.93 μg/l. The validation of the procedure was checked by the analysis of standard reference sediment (GBW 07309). The present method has been successfully applied for the FAAS determinations of analyte ions in real samples including black tea and magnesium salts.     

Temporal moments analysis of preferential solute transport in soils

Temporal moments analysis of solute breakthrough curves is used to investigate the preferential leaching of chloride, nitrate and phosphate through an Australian soil. Recent studies have shown that current models and methods do not adequately describe the leaching of nutrients through soil, often underestimating the risk of groundwater contamination by surface-applied chemicals, and overestimating the concentration of resident solutes. This inaccuracy results primarily from ignoring soil structure and non-equilibrium between soil constituents, water and solutes. Therefore simple models are required to accurately characterise solute transport in natural and agricultural soils under non-equilibrium conditions. A multiple sample percolation system, consisting of 25 individual collection wells was constructed to study the effects of localised soil heterogeneities on the transport of nutrients (NO₃ ^–, Cl^–, PO₄ ^{3 –}) in the vadose zone of an agricultural soil predominantly dominated by clay. Using data collected from the multiple sample percolation experiments, this paper compares and contrasts the performance of temporal moments analysis with two mathematical models for predicting solute transport, the advective-dispersion model with a reaction term (ADR) and a two-region preferential flow model (TRM) suitable for modelling preferential transport. The values for solute transport parameters predicted by temporal moments analysis were in excellent agreement with experimental data and results from ADR and TRM. It is concluded that temporal moments analysis when applied with other physical models such as the ADR and TRM, provide an excellent means of obtaining values for important solute transport parameters and gaining insight of preferential flow. These results have significant ramifications for modelling solute transport and predicting nutrient loadings.     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定海水中的硝酸盐氮

采用GMA3212型气相分子吸收光谱仪测定海水中的硝酸盐氮,在常规海水中硝酸盐氮质量浓度范围内(0~4.00 mg/L)线性良好(线性相关系数0.999 9),检出限为0.004 mg/L,标准溶液平行测定的相对标准偏差小于或等于1.44%,相对误差小于或等于1.33%,实际水样加标回收率为96.0%~102%。通过与国标方法镉柱还原法的比对实验,2种方法在精密度、准确度、实样比对等方面均无显著性差异,测定结果具有良好的一致性。气相分子吸收光谱法具有操作简便、分析快速准确、试剂消耗少、适合批量测定等优点,是值得推介的先进方法。     

添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟齐对堆肥的影响

通过在高温好氧堆肥中分别添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂,研究接种3％o的VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂促进堆肥的作用效果。结果表明,接种VT菌剂的处理与空白和接种有机物料腐熟剂的处理相比,堆肥初期升温更快;高温期更长;堆肥结束时,C／N降低的多,NO3-N增加的多,NH4-N挥发的少,接种VT菌剂和VT有机物料腐熟剂都可促进有机质的充分降解,缩短堆肥时间,加快堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥肥力。     

Silica nanoparticles and silver-doped silica nanoparticles induce endoplasmatic reticulum stress response and alter cytochrome P4501A activity

Engineered silica nanoparticles (SiO₂-NPs) find widespread application and may lead to exposure of humans and the environment. Here we compare the effects of SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-NPs doped with silver (SiO₂-Ag-NPs) on survival and cellular function of human liver cells (Huh7) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) fibroblast cells (FMH). In Huh7 cells we investigate effects on the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), including ER stress, and interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters. The NPs formed agglomerates/aggregates in cell culture media as revealed by SEM and TEM. SiO₂ and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs were taken up into cells as demonstrated by agglomerates occurring in vesicular-like structures or freely dispersed in the cytosol. Cytotoxicity was more pronounced in Huh7 than in FMH cells, and increased with silver content in silver-doped NPs. Dissolved silver was the most significant factor for cytotoxicity. At toxic and non-cytotoxic concentrations SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs induced perturbations in the function of ER. In Huh7 cells NPs induced the unfolded protein response (UPR), or ER stress response, as demonstrated in induced expression of BiP and splicing of XBP1 mRNA, two selective markers of ER stress. Additionally, SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs and AgNO₃ induced reactive oxygen species. Pre-treatment of Huh7 cells with SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs followed by exposure to the inducer benzo(a)pyrene caused a significant reduced induction of CYP1A activity. NPs did not alter the activity of ABC transporters. These data demonstrate for the first time that SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs result in perturbations of the ER leading to the ER stress response. This represents a novel and significant cellular signalling pathway contributing to the cytotoxicity of NPs.