Competition of bloom-forming marine phytoplankton at low nutrient concentrations

Competition of three bloom-forming marine phytoplankton (diatom Skeletonema costatum, and dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum and Alexandrium tamarense) was studied through a series of multispecies cultures with di erent nitrate (NaNO3) and phosphate (NaH2PO4) levels and excess silicate to interpret red tide algae succession. S. costatum outgrew the other two dinoflagellates in nitrate and phosphate replete cultures with 10 mol/L Na2SiO3. Under nitrate limited (8.82 mol/L NaNO3) conditions, the growth of S. costatum was also dominant when phosphate concentrations were from 3.6 to 108 mol/L. Cell density of the two dinoflagellates only increased slightly, to less than 400 and 600 cells/mL, respectively. Cell density of S. costatum decreased with time before day 12, and then increased to 4000 cells/mL (1.5 mg/L dry biomass) at NaNO3 concentrations between 88.2 and 882 mol/L with limited phosphate (0.36 mol/L NaH2PO4) levels. In addition, P. minimum grew well with a maximal cell density of 1690–2100 cells/mL (0.5–0.6 mg/L dry biomass). Although S. costatum initially grew fast, its cell density decreased quickly with time later in the growth phase and the two dinoflagellates were dominant under the nitrate-limited and high nitrate conditions with limited phosphate. These results indicated that the diatom was a poor competitor compared to the two dinoflagellates under limited phosphate; however, it grew well under limited nitrate when growth of the dinoflagellates was near detection limits.     

Silver impregnated carbon for adsorption and desorption of elemental mercury vapors

The Hg0 vapor adsorption experimental results on a novel sorbent obtained by impregnating a commercially available activated carbon (Darco G60 from BDH) with silver nitrate were reported. The study was performed by using a fundamental approach, in an apparatus at laboratory scale in which a synthetic flue gas, formed by Hg0 vapors in a nitrogen gas stream, at a given temperature and mercury concentration, was flowed through a fixed bed of adsorbent material. Breakthrough curves and adsorption isotherms were obtained for bed temperatures of 90, 120 and 150°C and for Hg0 concentrations in the gas varying in the range of 0.8–5.0 mg/m3. The experimental gas-solid equilibrium data were used to evaluate the Langmuir parameters and the heat of adsorption. The experimental results showed that silver impregnated carbon was very effective to capture elemental mercury and the amount of mercury adsorbed by the carbon decreased as the bed temperature increased. In addition, to evaluate the possibility of adsorbent recovery, desorption was also studied. Desorption runs showed that both the adsorbing material and the mercury could be easily recovered, since at the end of desorption the residue on solid was almost negligible. The material balance on mercury and the constitutive equations of the adsorption phenomenon were integrated, leading to the evaluation of only one kinetic parameter which fits well both the experimentally determined breakthrough and desorption curves.     

菌株Desulfovibrio sp. CMX的DNRA性能和影响因素

微生物的硝酸盐异化还原为铵(DNRA)过程对自然界中铵根离子的存在和转化具有重要影响,然而关于SRB菌株DNRA过程影响和机制尚未探明.本文考察了实验室筛选的SRB菌株Desulfovibrio sp.CMX的DNRA能力、影响因素及其影响机制.结果表明,无外加氮源的情况下,分别以10 mmol·L-1NO_3~-和NO_2~-作为唯一电子受体,菌株Desulfovibrio sp.CMX最终NH_4~+生成率分别达到85.8%和97.3%,且无N2和N2O等副产物产生.实验探究了不同外加氮源、不同初始浓度的SO_4~(2-)、S~(2-)对菌株DNRA过程的影响.酵母浸粉作为外加氮源可促进菌株的生长和代谢从而促进菌株DNRA过程;SO_4~(2-)对于NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-阶段起促进作用,而对NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+阶段起抑制作用,综合两方面影响,最终表现出对菌株DNRA过程的抑制作用;S~(2-)对菌株生长及DNRA过程都表现出抑制作用,且S~(2-)浓度越高抑制作用越强,当S~(2-)浓度达到6 mmol·L-1后,S~(2-)对于NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-阶段的抑制作用强于NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+阶段的抑制作用,NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-速率低于NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+速率,此时体系中不再有NO_2~-的积累.     

模拟水体硝态氮对黄菖蒲生长及其氮吸收的影响

为了对挺水植物在水环境与水生态修复中的应用提供参考依据,选取黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus L.)为对象,通过模拟水培实验,对比研究了6种水体硝态氮质量浓度(10.68、23.88、42.22、63.33、82.92、97.13 mg·L~(-1))下,黄菖蒲地上和地下生物量、根冠比、叶绿素含量、氮累计吸收量以及对硝态氮去除效果的差异,以期明确模拟水体硝态氮质量浓度对黄菖蒲生长及其氮吸收能力的影响.结果显示,首先,不同硝态氮质量浓度对黄菖蒲地上部分(茎叶)生长的影响大于地下部分(根);当硝态氮质量浓度为10.68 mg·L~(-1)时,黄菖蒲的根冠比增加;当硝态氮质量浓度为42.22~97.13 mg·L~(-1)时,黄菖蒲的根冠比减少.其次,黄菖蒲适宜生长的硝态氮质量浓度为23.88~63.33 mg·L~(-1);硝态氮质量浓度低于10.68 mg·L-1或高于82.92mg·L-1时,均会对黄菖蒲的叶绿素合成产生抑制作用.再次,黄菖蒲对氮的累积量随硝态氮质量浓度增加而增加,且地下部分对氮的累积能力优于地上部分;6种浓度下,单株黄菖蒲的氮累计吸收量为10.56~75.43 mg,其地下部分依次为地上部分的7.2、2.3、2.5、2.1、1.6以及1.5倍.此外,黄菖蒲对氮的利用效率与硝态氮质量浓度之间成显著的幂函数关系,且地上部分的氮利用效率高于地下部分.最后,黄菖蒲对硝态氮的去除率随硝态氮质量浓度增加而增加,6种浓度下黄菖蒲对硝态氮的去除率介于94.9%和99.3%之间,且水体中硝态氮质量浓度随时间延续呈指数函数降低.结果表明,黄菖蒲对硝态氮有很好的去除效果,但黄菖蒲的生长及其对氮的吸收与去除效率受水体硝态氮质量浓度影响显著,且地上部分较地下部分更为敏感.     

Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, and carbon tetrachloride in Beijing

Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate(PPN), and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) were measured from September 2010 to August 2011 in Beijing. PAN exhibited low values from mid-autumn to early spring(October to March) with monthly average concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 0.73 ppbV, and increased from early spring to summer(March to August), ranging from 1.37–3.79 ppbV. The monthly variation of PPN was similar to PAN, with low values(below detection limit to 0.18 ppbV) from mid-autumn to early spring, and a monthly maximum in September(1.14 ppbV). The monthly variation of CCl4was tightly related to the variation of temperature, exhibiting a minimum in winter(69.3 pptV) and a maximum of 180.6 pptV in summer. Due to weak solar intensity and short duration, PAN and O3showed no distinct diurnal patterns from morning to night during winter, whereas for other seasons, they both exhibited maximal values in the late afternoon(ca. 15:00 to 16:00 local time) and minimal values during early morning and midnight. Good linear correlations between PAN and PPN were found in autumn(R = 0.91), spring(R = 0.94), and summer(R = 0.81), with slopes of 0.130, 0.222, and 0.133, respectively, suggesting that anthropogenic hydrocarbons dominated the photochemical formation of PANs in Beijing. Positive correlation between PAN and O3 in summer with the low slopes( O3 / PAN) ranging from 9.92 to 18.0 indicated serious air pollution in Beijing, and strong negative correlation in winter reflected strong O3consumption by NO titration and less thermal decompositin of PAN.     

1980~2010年浙江某典型河流硝态氮通量对净人类活动氮输入的动态响应

以浙江某典型流域为研究对象,基于1980～2010年的水质水量和氮源数据及LOADEST模型,估算了逐年河流NO-3-N通量和净人类活动氮输入(NANI),分析了河流NO-3-N通量和NANI的年际演化特征及其动态响应关系,探讨了每年NANI、滞留氮库、自然背景源对河流NO-3-N通量的贡献.结果表明,1980～2010年,河流NO-3-N通量和NANI总体上都呈现出先增后减的抛物线型变化趋势,均在1998年左右分别达到峰值5.74 kg·(hm2·a)-1和77.5 kg·(hm2·a)-1;过去31 a,河流NO-3-N通量和NANI分别净增加了～42%和～77%.化肥氮和大气氮沉降是NANI的主要来源,分别占了NANI的～48%和～40%.河流NO-3-N通量的年际变化不仅与NAIN(R2=0.27**)和化肥氮输入量(R2=0.32**)显著相关,而且与河流年均流量(R2=0.79**)或降雨量(R2=0.63**)具有更强的相关性,意味着河流NO-3-N的来源除了当年的NAIN,还受滞留氮库的影响.所建立的以NANI和流量为自变量的回归模型能很好地模拟河流NO-3-N通量变化(R2=0.94**).该模型预测结果显示,在NANI和流量分别降低30%的情况下,河流年均NO-3-N通量将分别减少～21%和～30%;每年的NANI、滞留氮库、自然背景源对河流当年NO-3-N通量的贡献率分别为～53%、～24%、～23%.河流NO-3-N通量长期的年际变化是NANI和水文要素共同作用的结果;但是,由于滞留氮库的影响,与源控制方式相比,增加"汇"景观应该能更加快速地削减河流NO-3-N通量.     

填埋场中铁的生物化学循环对反硝化的影响

在模拟填埋体系中,以填埋场稳定的垃圾为接种物,通过控制有机物和硝氮负荷,研究了铁的生物化学循环对反硝化的影响.结果表明,垃圾填埋场内蕴藏着能实现铁的厌氧氧化还原并同步还原硝氮的复合功能菌群.通过改变有机物和硝氮的负荷,可使得填埋场内持续进行着铁的氧化还原循环和同步氮素转化.从氮素转化产物来看,铁的循环体系中氨氮浓度比传统的反硝化体系低4 mmol·L-1.填埋场内铁的生物化学循环过程对于原位脱氮具有极大贡献.     

Comparison of Nitrate Levels in Raw Water and Finished Water from Historical Monitoring Data on Iowa Municipal Drinking Water Supplies

Nitrate contamination of water sources is a concern where large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers are regularly applied to soils. Ingested nitrate from dietary sources and drinking water can be converted to nitrite and ultimately to N-nitroso compounds, many of which are known carcinogens. Epidemiologic studies of drinking water nitrate and cancer report mixed findings; a criticism is the use of nitrate concentrations from retrospective drinking water data to assign exposure levels. Residential point-of-use nitrate data are scarce; gaps in historical data for municipal supply finished water hamper exposure classification efforts. We used generalized linear regression models to estimate and compare historical raw water and finished water nitrate levels (1960s--1990s) in single source Iowa municipal supplies to determine whether raw water monitoring data could supplement finished water data to improve exposure assessment. Comparison of raw water and finished water samples (same sampling date) showed a significant difference in nitrate levels in municipalities using rivers; municipalities using other surface water or alluvial groundwater had no difference in nitrate levels. A regional aggregation of alluvial groundwater municipalities was constructed based on results from a previous study showing regional differences in nitrate contamination of private wells; results from this analysis were mixed, dependent upon region and decade. These analyses demonstrate using historical raw water nitrate monitoring data to supplement finished water data for exposure assessment is appropriate for individual Iowa municipal supplies using alluvial groundwater, lakes or reservoirs. Using alluvial raw water data on a regional basis is dependent on region and decade.     

亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌吸磷效果的影响

以厌氧/好氧生化反应器中的聚磷菌为实验对象,探讨了亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌吸磷效果的影响.结果表明:低浓度NO₂^--N可以作为聚磷菌的电子受体,实现NO₂^--N型反硝化除磷,但吸磷总量和吸磷速率明显低于NO₃^--N型反硝化除磷的效果;当NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N共存于缺氧环境时,NO₂^--N对NO₃^--N型反硝化除磷的除磷总量和速率没有影响,但会降低NO₃^--N的消耗量;NO₂^--N型反硝化除磷污泥的好氧吸磷量和速率均低于传统A/O厌氧放磷污泥的效果,但由于它经历了缺氧吸磷和好氧吸磷2个阶段,因此,从吸磷总量或出水水质看,二者相差不大.     

苯系化合物在硝酸盐还原条件下的生物降解性能

运用驯化的反硝化混合菌群进行了苯系化合物(BTEX)的厌氧降解试验.结果表明,混合菌群能够在反硝化条件下有效降解苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯和对二甲苯.BTEX的降解规律符合底物抑制的Monod模型,当初始浓度小于50mg·L^-1时,6种受试基质的厌氧降解速率顺序为:甲苯>乙苯>间二甲苯>邻二甲苯>对二甲苯>苯.整个试验过程中NO₃^-的消耗与苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯及对二甲苯生物降解之间的摩尔比分别为:9.47,9.26,1