太湖地区农田土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的时空变异

对太湖地区农田土壤3种主要水稻土类型:白土、黄泥土和乌栅土在小麦和水稻生长期间土壤剖面中NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量的时空变异进行了研究.结果表明:NH₄⁺-N在1a中的2月份和9月含量较高;4月份和11月的含量较低.NH₄⁺-N在土壤剖面中的空间变异为土壤上层到土壤下层呈逐渐递减趋势,以表土层含量为最高,在40cm以下基本上趋于稳定.NO₃^--N的含量低于NH₄⁺-N,在1a中小麦生长季节(旱作)高于水稻生长季节(水作);NO₃^--N在土壤剖面中的空间变异为:旱作时的土壤表层到底层迅速下降;但在水稻生长季节土壤剖面中表层土壤的NO₃^--N含量低于底层的NO₃^--N的含量,出现明显的淋溶现象.在旱作期间NO₃^--N随NH₄⁺-N呈指数曲线变化,而在水稻生长期间没有这种关系.NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量与土壤有机质呈显著的直线线性正相关关系.但NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N仅在旱作时随土壤粘粒含量和土壤pH值的升高而呈对数曲线下降.     

基于硝酸盐液膜微电极的动态膜反硝化特性研究

制成性能良好的硝酸盐微电极与氧化还原电位(ORP)微电极,对动态膜在不同进水COD负荷下的内部反硝化过程进行研究.结果表明,动态膜中的反硝化作用出现在膜水界面0.6～1mm以下;在反硝化发生的区域,用ORP微电极测得氧化还原电位在88.6～-128.4mV之间,是反硝化发生的适宜ORP范围.当进水COD负荷为0.45 kg/(m³·d)时,动态膜的反硝化速率(以氮计)最大,可以达到0.634 7×10^-6mol/(L·s).增加进水COD负荷能够拓展动态膜内部的     

Effect of SO2 on the performance of Ag-Pd/Al2O3 for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with C2H5OH

The influence of SO2 on the performance of Ag-Pd/Al2O3 for the selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NOx with C2H5OH was investigated experimentally. The activity test results suggest that Ag-Pd/Al2O3 shows a small activity loss in the presence of SO2 when using C2H5OH as a reductant. In situ DRIFTS spectra show that the activity loss originates from the formation of surface sulphate species on the Ag-Pd/Al2O3. The surface sulphate species formation inhibits the formation of nitrate, whereas hardly changes the partial oxidation of C2H5OH. Compared with the NOx reduction by C3H6, an obvious suppression of the surface sulphate species formation was observed by DRIFTS experiment when using C2H5OH as a reductant. This phenomenon reveals the better catalytic performance and strong SO2 tolerance of Ag-Pd/Al2O3-C2H50H system.     

硝酸钙抑制底泥磷释放的模拟研究

在实验室模拟了硝酸钙对底泥磷释放的影响、环境效应及作用机制。结果表明,硝酸钙可有效降低孔隙水和上覆水中溶解活性磷(SRP)的浓度,且对于红枫湖底泥来说,抑制磷释放的硝酸钙Ca(NO3)2·4H2O最佳用量为187.5g/m2。实验表明硝酸钙的使用是安全的,既可保证上覆水中氨氮浓度满足III类水的要求,也不会造成水体重金属的污染。硝酸钙抑制底泥磷释放作用机制如下:1)硝酸钙在底泥脱氮微生物的作用下发生反硝化作用,在硝态氮被消耗的同时,溶解有机碳亦被氧化降解;2)硝酸钙将底泥中的Fe2+氧化为Fe3+,促使铁氧化物及氢氧化物的形成,最终使孔隙水及上覆水中SRP的浓度大幅降低。因此,硝酸钙可有效抑制底泥内源磷的释放,是一种高效的底泥内源磷释放原位钝化剂,可为湖泊底泥磷污染提供有效的治理手段。     

废定影液银的回收利用

用硫化钠从废定影液中以硫化银的形式回收银，高温灼烧硫化银得纯银，再制备成硝酸银。硝酸银纯度达９９．５％，银回收率为９３％。     

稳定同位素识别水体硝酸盐污染来源的研究进展

水体硝酸盐污染已经成为一个世界性的水质问题。为了确保供水安全和有效治理水环境中硝酸盐污染,准确识别水体中硝酸盐的污染来源显得尤为重要。近年来,硝酸盐稳定氮(δ15 N)和氧(δ18 O)同位素示踪技术被广泛用于识别水环境中硝酸盐的污染来源。然而,水环境中硝酸盐污染来源的复杂性和同位素分馏的影响,致使该项技术的应用存在一定的局限性。概括了硝酸盐中的δ15 N和δ18 O的典型值域范围,阐述了多种同位素技术联合识别水体中硝酸盐污染来源的方法以及应用模型定量解析硝酸盐污染源贡献率,最后,对该领域未来的发展方向进行了阐述。     

硝酸还原酶介导的NO合成参与SO2引发的拟南芥气孔运动的调节

以拟南芥为材料,研究了硝酸还原酶(NR)途径在植物适应SO2胁迫中的作用.结果表明:SO2胁迫可诱导4周龄拟南芥植株叶片NR活性增强、一氧化氮(NO)水平提高,NR活性和NO水平与SO2暴露时间呈正相关.NR抑制剂叠氮化钠(NaN3)可缓解SO2诱发的NO水平升高.RT-PCR检测发现,SO2熏气72 h时拟南芥NR途径关键基因Nia1、Nia2和NiR1均转录上调.研究还发现,SO2可诱发拟南芥野生型、突变体nia2、nia1nia2的气孔关闭,NaN3和NO清除剂c-PTIO可阻止SO2诱发的野生型和nia2气孔关闭,说明通过NR途径合成的NO参与了SO2胁迫诱发的拟南芥气孔运动调节.研究结果表明,NR活性的增强介导了SO2胁迫期间拟南芥叶片NO水平的升高,后者参与胁迫期间拟南芥气孔运动的调控,以增强拟南芥植株对SO2胁迫的适应性.     

Remediation of nutrient-rich waters using the terrestrial plant, Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.

Effective control of eutrophication is generally established through the reduction of nutrient loading into waterways and water bodies. An economically viable and ecologically sustainable approach to nutrient pollution control could involve the integration of retention ponds, wetlands and greenways into water management systems. Plants not only play an invaluable role in the assimilation and removal of nutrients, but they also support fauna richness and can be aesthetically pleasing. Pandanus amaryllifolius, a tropical terrestrial plant, was found to establish well in hydrophytic conditions and was highly effective in remediating high nutrient levels in an aquatic environment showing 100% removal of NO~-N up to 200 mg/L in 14 days. Phosphate uptake by the plant was less efficient with 64% of the PO4-P removed at the maximum concentration of 100 mg/L at the end of 6 weeks. With its high NO~-N and PO43--P removal efficiency, P. amaryllifolius depleted the nutrient-rich media and markedly contained the natural colonization of algae. The impediment of algal growth led to improvements in the water quality with significant decreases in turbidity, pH and electrical conductivity. In addition, the plants did not show stress symptoms when grown in high nutrient levels as shown by the changes in their biomass, total soluble proteins and chlorophyll accumulation as well as photochemical efficiency. Thus, P. amaryUifolius is a potential candidate for the mitigation of nutrient pollution in phytoremediation systems in the tropics as the plant requires low maintenance, is tolerant to the natural variability of weather conditions and fluctuating hydro-periods, and exhibit good nutrient removal capabilities.     

Effects of cathode potentials and nitrate concentrations on dissimilatory nitrate reductions by Pseudomonas alcaliphila in bioelectrochemical systems

The effects of cathode potentials and initial nitrate concentrations on nitrate reduction in bio- electrochemical systems （BESs） were reported. These factors could partition nitrate reduction between denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium （DNRA）. Pseudomonas alcaliphilastrain MBR utilized an electrode as the sole electron donor and nitrate as the sole electron acceptor. When the cathode potential was set from -0.3 to -I.1 V （vs. Ag/AgC1） at an initial nitrate concentration of 100 mg NO~-N/L, the DNRA electron recovery increased from （10.76 ± 1.6）% to （35.06 ± 0.99）%; the denitrification electron recovery decreased from （63.42 ± 1,32）% to （44.33 ± 1.92）%. When the initial nitrate concentration increased from （29.09 ± 0.24） to （490.97 ± 3.49） mg NO3-N/L at the same potential （-0.9 V）, denitrification electron recovery increased from （5.88 ± 1.08）% to （50.19 ±2.59）%; the DNRA electron recovery declined from （48.79 ±1.32）% to （16.02 ± 1.41）%. The prevalence of DNRA occurred at high ratios of electron donors to acceptors in the BESs and denitrification prevailed against DNRA under a lower ratio of electron donors to acceptors. These results had a potential application value of regulating the transformation of nitrate to N2 or ammonium in BESs for nitrate removal.     

Determination of nitrogen reduction levels necessary to reach groundwater quality targets in Slovenia

Within a collaborative project between Slovenian Environment Agency （ARSO） and Research Center Jfilich （FZJ）, nitrogen reduction levels necessary to reach groundwater quality targets in Slovenia were assessed. For this purpose the hydrological model GROWA- DENUZ was coupled with agricultural N balances and applied consistently to the whole territory of Slovenia in a spatial resolution of 100 x 100 m. GROWA was used to determine the water balance in Slovenia for the hydrologic period 1971-2000. Simultaneously, the displaceable N load in soft was assessed from agricultural Slovenian N surpluses for 2011 and the atmospheric N deposition. Subsequently, the DENUZ model was used to assess the nitrate degradation in soil and, in combination with the percolation water rates from the GROWA model, to determine nitrate concentration in the leachate. The areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in the leachate above the EU groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO3/L have been identified as priority areas for implementing nitrogen reduction measures. For these ＂hot spot＂ areas DENUZ was used in a backward mode to quantify the maximal permissible nitrogen surplus levels in agriculture to guarantee a nitrate concentration in percolation water below 50 mg NO3/L. Model results indicate that additional N reduction measures should be implemented in priority areas rather than area-covering. Research work will directly support the implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive in Slovenia, e.g., by using the maximal permissible nitrogen surplus levels as a framework for the derivation of regionally adapted and hence effective nitrogen reduction measures.