稻田硝酸盐异化还原成铵细菌群落结构的垂向分布特性

硝酸盐异化还原成铵（Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium，DNRA）过程，可将土壤中的NO₃^-/NO₂^-还原成NH₄⁺-N以被作物吸收利用，有助于土壤中氮素的保存.选择位于广东韶关市和吉林安图县的两块稻田为研究对象，通过分子生物学方法和高通量测序技术，深入探究了两种稻田土壤（0~1 m）中DNRA细菌丰度和群落结构的垂向分布特性.结果显示：两种稻田土壤中DNRA细菌更多的存在于表层土壤（0~20 cm）中，丰度最低值均出现在深层土壤（90~100 cm）中，且表层样品群落结构的多样性大于深层样品；两个稻田样品间的群落结构体现出明显的空间异质性，安图稻田样品DNRA细菌的丰度和群落结构多样性均大于韶关稻田样品；其中，相对丰度较高的Anaeromyxobacter（28.67%）、Caldimicrobium（19.49%）、Nitrospira（10.90%）和Chthoniobacter（9.15%）是两个稻田中DNRA细菌群落组成中的关键菌属.相关性分析表明，总硫（TS）、有机质（TOM）、含水率（MC）、碳氮比（C/N）与DNRA细菌丰度之间均有显著正相关性（p<0.01，n=20），偏碱性、有机质丰富、氮源缺乏、碳源丰富且C/N较高的环境及适宜的含水率是稻田垂向生态系统中DNRA细菌适宜的生存环境.     

酚二磺酸光度法和紫外分光光度法分析水中硝酸盐氮的比对

采用同一标准液和天然水样用酚二磺酸光度法和紫外分光光度法测定硝酸盐氮，进行比对分析，同时调查云南省内用此两种方法密码样考核的情况。得出紫外分光光度法操作简便、化学试剂污染小、获取数据及时，是值得推介的先进方法。     

水中硝酸盐氮含量测量不确定度的评定

采用酚二磺酸分光光度法对水中硝酸盐氮进行不确定度评定.充分考虑到测定过程中测量重复性、标准溶液的配制、标准曲线的制备等各种因素对测量的影响,测得硝酸盐氮的相对合成标准不确定度为8.75×10-3.     

黄淮海平原主要土类中硝态氮水平运移规律

对黄淮海平源的主要土壤类型（黄潮土和风沙土）中硝态氮水平运移规律进行了研究。结果表明：硝态氮水平运移速率随供试示踪剂源的距离增加而迅速减小,其变化趋势呈幂函数关系。由于各土层的土壤性质不同,所以硝态氮的运移风线发生差异,但总的趋势是离示踪剂源20cm距离内,硝态氮的水平运移速率主要由硝态氮的浓度梯度和水势梯度控制,而在20cm以后趋于平稳,则主要由土壤的基质势起作用。硝态氮水平运移速率随土壤含水量的增大而升高,并呈指数曲线变化。硝态氮水平运移的浓度受非饱和土壤水扩散率的影响,并随非饱和土壤水扩散率的升高而呈对数曲线下降。     

岩溶流域地表水和地下水硝酸盐来源定量识别

选取岩溶地区花溪河流域典型农业区为研究对象,运用δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-,δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-H₂O同位素示踪技术和水化学分析方法,阐明了研究区地表水和地下水中硝酸盐的分布特征,并揭示其来源和形成过程,基于R语言下运行的贝叶斯模型（stable isotope analysis in R）,对研究区水体中各种硝酸盐来源的贡献比例进行了定量识别.结果显示：受碳酸岩盐风化的控制,流域内地表水和地下水的水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,硝酸盐在研究区水体中的空间分布特征受土地利用类型影响明显;在研究区水体硝酸盐形成过程中,硝化作用起主导作用,水体中的硝酸盐来源主要有化肥、降雨中的氨盐、土壤有机氮、粪便和污水,与地表水相比,地下水中硝酸盐受粪便和污水的影响较大;基于SIAR源解析模型分析,大气沉降、化肥、土壤有机氮和粪便污水对研究区地表水硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为3.97%、26.87%、36.80%和32.37%,对地下水硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为2.83%、13.96%、21.03%和62.18%.     

低剂量硝酸钙联合低氧曝气对黑臭底泥的修复探究

底泥内源污染是导致黑臭水体"反弹"的主要因素.为防止水体黑臭现象反复,以低剂量硝酸钙为修复剂,联合低氧曝气技术修复底泥,降低因ρ（NO₃--N）剧增而造成的生态风险,并对修复过程中菌群转化规律进行探究.结果表明:①当硝酸钙投加量为底泥质量的1.2%、低氧曝气量为0.05~0.10 m3/h时修复效果最佳,其上覆水中ρ（DO）和ORP分别升至4.08 mg/L和119.9 mV,NH₃-N、TOC（总有机氮）去除率平均值分别达42.5%和84.9%.②底泥中NH₃-N和AVS（酸挥发性硫化物）去除率平均值分别达76.8%和97.4%,投加低剂量硝酸钙不会造成NO₃--N在底泥中长期累积.③高通量测序分析表明,底泥优势菌群在纲水平上由梭菌纲（Clostridia）转变为γ-变形菌纲（Gamma-proteobacteria）,其相对丰度达60.0%,且厌氧菌群被有效抑制;在属水平上出现产黄杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）、硫杆菌属（Thiobacillus）和热单胞菌属（Thermomonas）等脱氮菌群.研究显示,低剂量硝酸钙+低氧曝气技术可有效改善底泥-上覆水体系DO条件,加快系统的脱氮速率,抑制AVS的生成,促进底泥优势菌群转化并降低生态风险.      

阴离子交换树脂生物再生去除硝酸盐氮

阴离子交换树脂可高效去除水体中的硝酸盐,但盐水再生所产生的脱附液处理难度大.生物再生可通过反硝化作用降解吸附于树脂上硝酸盐氮,减少盐的使用,降低处理成本.本文在考察不同碳源(葡萄糖、乙酸钠、乳酸钠、甲醇)对生物再生影响的基础上,利用反硝化细菌对吸附有硝酸盐氮的阴离子交换树脂进行了生物再生研究,考察了微生物浓度和共存Na Cl对生物再生的影响.结果表明,生物再生过程由离子交换脱附过程和反硝化过程构成,整体受反硝化过程限制.微生物浓度的升高可显著降低生物再生所需时间,当微生物接种量高于0.6 g·L-1时,树脂上的硝酸盐可以在10 h内完全降解.再生体系中Na Cl可促进硝酸根的离子交换脱附,造成初始阶段溶液中硝酸盐浓度的快速升高,但生物再生仍受反硝化过程控制.当Na Cl浓度高于20 g·L-1时,反硝化生物活性被抑制,生物再生时间显著增加.而吸附生物再生多批次实验表明,生物再生后的树脂吸附量稳定于30~35 mg·g~(-1).     

Nitrous oxide emission from some English and Welsh rivers and estuaries

Nutrient and N₂O concentrations in the water columns were measured seasonally over a full salinity range in the nutrified rivers Colne, Stour, Orwell, Deben, Trent, Ouse and Humber and their estuaries on the east coast of England between August 2001 and May 2002, and in the oligotrophic rivers Conwy, Dovey and Mawddach in North and West Wales between August 2002 and May 2003. Nutrient and N₂O concentrations in the nutrified English rivers and estuaries were much higher than those in the Welsh rivers. N₂O concentrations and % saturation in the estuaries were significantly correlated with nitrate, nitrite and ammonium concentrations in the water. The strongest correlation was with nitrite (r² = 0.56, p < 0.01), suggesting that nitrite was the most significant factor among the different nutrients in regulating N₂O concentration in the estuaries. N₂O concentrations in the English rivers and estuaries were supersaturated throughout the year with annual averages from 186.9 to 992.9%, indicating that these rivers and estuaries were sources of atmospheric N₂O, whereas in the Welsh rivers N₂O concentrations were much lower with annual averages from 113.6 to 137.4% saturation. Although the estuarine area in the Colne was almost the same as that in the Conwy, the annual N₂O emission from the Colne was much higher (937498 mol N yr^–1) than in the Conwy (23020 mol N yr^–1). On the east coast, riverine emissions of N₂O were only 0.5–12.5% of the total emission from rivers and estuaries. Thus rivers were negligible, but estuaries were significant contributors to the UK N₂O inventory.     

Controls on Leaching of N Species in Upland Moorland Catchments

Spatial and temporal changes in mobility of N species have been studied for three UK upland river networks, the Etherow in the South Pennines, the Nether Beck in the Lake District and the Dee in NE Scotland. The catchments are subject to N deposition at 35.1, 22.0 and 10.8–15.6 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively. TheNH ₄ ⁺ leaching appears to be predominantly regulated by flowpath in more polluted upland catchments. It is greatest where water draining acidified peaty soils contributes more to total discharge. Soluble organic matter may provide the dominant counter anion. In the Etherowand Dee catchments, which are dominated by acid mineral and organic soils, at high discharge NO ₃ ^– also appears to be associated with greater input of water from acidified soils. In contrast, for the Nether Beck, higher NO ₃ ^– concentrations are associated with tributaries draining soils contributingwater with higher alkalinity, suggesting nitrification is important. For the Etherow and Dee, dissolved organic N (DON) appears to originate predominantly from acidified, peaty soils. Spiking experiments with peat soil from the Etherow catchment confirmed the limited capacity of these soils to utilize inorganic N inputs, favouring equilibration with NH ₄ ⁺ inputs and leaching losses of inorganic N throughout the year.     

不同碳源材料用于污水厂尾水生物反硝化碳源的效果研究

针对污水厂尾水氮素高度硝化的现状,通过正交试验研究了不同固体碳源在不同的反应时间、硝氮进水浓度、碳源比例及温度条件下的反硝化速率及对硝态氮的去除率.结果表明,以麦秆为碳源去除硝氮最优条件是温度为25℃,反应时间为10h,进水硝氮浓度为30 mg·L-1,麦秆与水的质量比为1:50;以PHAs为碳源去除硝氮的最优条件是温...