海洋沉积物中反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及反硝化性能研究

利用良好的通气条件对反硝化细菌进行富集筛选,同时利用二苯胺试剂和Griess试剂显色反应分别检测NO₃--N的降解和NO₂--N的产生情况,并结合产气量筛选出具有良好耐氧性且反硝化性能优异的菌株. 最终从南海海域沉积物中筛选得到具有较强反硝化能力的细菌,并对目的菌株进行分子鉴定及反硝化能力测试. 结果表明,目的菌株F-8-1能较好地降解培养基中的NO₃--N和NO₂--N,产气快. 气相色谱检测发现,气体样品中的φ(N₂)非常高,接近100%,且未检测出其他氮氧化物气体. 16S rDNA序列分析表明,菌株F-8-1与假单胞菌属具有99%的序列相似性和很高的同源性.菌株F-8-1在有氧及高盐环境中生长良好.      

不同碳源条件下聚磷菌代谢特性

利用2套SBR系统在厌氧好氧交替条件下对聚磷菌(phosphorus accumulating organisms,PAO)进行富集,分别采用乙酸和丙酸作为碳源。通过对典型周期内磷酸盐,聚羟基烷酸(polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHAs),糖原和多聚磷酸盐变化情况的分析,探讨了不同碳源下,聚磷菌胞内碳源物质的代谢机理以及其对于生物除磷的影响。结果表明,以乙酸为碳源时,PHAs的合成量和分解量都要高于丙酸为碳源,且PHAs主要成分以聚-β-羟丁酸(poly-β-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)为主,污泥的比释磷速率和比吸磷速率都要高于丙酸为碳源的情况。     

可降解餐盒去除地下水硝酸盐的砂槽模拟实验研究

采用室内砂槽实验装置,研究了以可降解餐盒(BMB)为反硝化碳源的生物反应器对于模拟污水中硝酸盐的去除效果及其影响因素。结果表明,以BMB为反硝化碳源的反应器启动时间短。当进水硝酸盐浓度为50 mg/L,水温为25℃,水力停留时间为1.15 d时,硝酸盐的去除率可达92.6%以上,实验过程中出现亚硝酸盐积累,出水TOC浓度上升,但反应稳定后亚硝酸盐浓度均低于0.1 mg/L,且TOC浓度有下降趋势;水力停留时间减小或者进水硝酸盐浓度增加均能使得脱氮效率降低,但当水力停留时间在0.57~1.15 d,进水硝酸盐浓度在50~80 mg/L范围变化时,反应器硝酸盐去除效率仍能达到80%以上;温度对反硝化作用影响较大,当温度为(20±1)℃时,硝酸盐的去除效率仅为62.0%、74.4%和97.5%。     

纳米铁与微生物联合去除地下水中的NO_3~--N

采用实验模拟装置考察油酸包覆型纳米铁、反硝化细菌及其组合方法处理地下水NO-3-N效果与反应产物的变化特征。结果表明,在模拟地下水溶解氧(0.50 mg/L)、温度(15℃)和黑暗环境中,2 g油酸包覆型纳米铁与70 mg/L NO-3-N反应,11 d后NO-3-N去除率为86.4%,其中74.7%的还原产物为NH+4-N,1.7%为NO-2-N,N2生成量仅占10%;反硝化细菌体系中,反应6 d后NO-3-N去除率为78.6%,此时未检测到NH+4-N,而NO-2-N达到最大值,为60.1%,仅有18.5%的N2生成;在油酸包覆型纳米铁-反硝化细菌耦合体系中,6 d后NO-3-N去除率达到80.3%,其中NH+4-N占17.6%,NO-2-N为30.1%,N2为32.6%。因此,比较3种材料对NO-3-N降解效果及产物得出,在地下水环境中,油酸包覆型纳米铁-反硝化细菌组合方法对地下水NO-3-N的去除效果最好,产物主要是N2,减少了还原产物NH+4-N对地下水造成的二次污染。     

Effectiveness of emergent and submergent aquatic plants in mitigating a nitrogen–permethrin mixture

Hydraulically connected wetland microcosms (～50?L) in series were used to test the effectiveness of varying combinations of two common aquatic vascular plants, parrot feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) and cattail (Typha latifolia), for mitigating contamination from a mixture of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate) and permethrin. The upstream series included Myriophyllum only (M) and Typha only (T) while the combination upstream effluent into downstream series included Myriophyllum into Myriophyllum (M?+?M) and Typha into Myriophyllum (T?+?M). During flow, M into M?+?M more efficiently mitigated nitrogen than T into T?+?M. Post-flow, nitrogen removal efficiency was greater for T versus M and M?+?M versus T?+?M. Mean aqueous dissipation half-lives (t_1/2) of NH₄-N and NO₃-N were more rapid in T than M treatments. Ammonium and nitrate t_1/2 was highly correlated with aquatic plant above-ground shoot biomass. Permethrin mitigation efficiencies and t_1/2 were not significantly affected by plant species either singly or in combination. Trans-permethrin t_1/2 was moderately correlated with plant biomass, but not cis-permethrin t_1/2. Results of this study indicate differences in aquatic plant species and flow path influence nitrogen removal but not permethrin. However, plant species appears less important than overall plant biomass in ascertaining aquatic plant effectiveness in mitigating a nitrogen–permethrin mixture.     

废无汞碱性电池极性材料制备锰锌铁氧体磁性纳米颗粒

以硝酸浸取废无汞碱性电池极性材料,再加入硝酸铁及蔗糖生成前驱体,最后通过焙烧制得锰锌铁氧体磁性纳米颗粒。优化了酸浸和焙烧条件,采用FTIR和DTA-TG技术研究了前驱体的形成和热解过程,采用XRD、FTIR、TEM技术和振动样品磁强计对锰锌铁氧体进行了表征。结果表明:废无汞碱性电池极性材料酸浸的最佳条件为H_2O_2加入量3%(w)、液固比10 mL/g、稀硝酸浓度4 mol/L、浸取温度40℃,该条件下浸取10 min锰和锌的浸出率均可达100%;所得前驱体为葡萄糖酸盐,其最佳焙烧条件为焙烧温度450℃、焙烧时间2 h;最佳条件下所得锰锌铁氧体为尖晶石型Mn_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_2O_4,其颗粒为球形、大小均匀,且磁性能优良。     

纳米铁系双金属-微生物体系去除地下水NO-3-N研究

采用不同液相还原法制备纳米Fe0、Fe/Ni和Fe/Cu粒子,将其与反硝化细菌混合应用于地下水NO3--N去除研究。考察3种体系对NO3--N去除速率的影响,并对其脱氮产物及RNA水平上纳米铁系双金属对反硝化细菌的毒性效应进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,9 d内纳米Fe0体系可完全将NO3--N去除,过程中伴随NO2--N先升高后降低的生成趋势,NH 4+-N生成52%;纳米Fe/Ni体系脱氮速率最快,6 d内可将NO 3--N完全去除,几乎未检测到NO 2--N的生成,而NH 4+-N的转化率高达69%;纳米Fe/Cu体系7 d内可将NO3--N去除完全,NH4+-N的生成率降低,仅39%,但是出现33%NO2--N积累。从反应前后反硝化细菌总RNA浓度变化看,3种纳米粒子对反硝化细菌的毒性大小为纳米Fe/Ni﹥纳米Fe/Cu﹥纳米Fe0。     

双室微生物燃料电池同时去除废水中的苯酚和硝酸盐

构建了一种双室微生物燃料电池,以苯酚为阳极燃料,同时去除阴极室的硝酸盐废水。结果表明,在闭合情况下,该微生物燃料电池阳极室的苯酚降解效率达到7.6 mg/(L·h),是开路情况下的2倍;反应开始后的5 d内,闭合系统阴极室硝酸盐降解效率达到4.43 mg/(L·d),是开路情况下的2倍多,表明了该MFC系统可以同时去除废水中2种难降解污染物,并且与传统的生物降解方式相比较,具有更快的降解速率。     

矿物载体锯末碳源低温生物修复硝酸盐污染地下水

研究了低温条件下,沸石和火山岩为载体,锯末为碳源的生物反应器对地下水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果。结果表明,在（14±1）℃,水力停留时间18 h,进水硝酸盐氮浓度为27 mg/L的条件下,以锯末为碳源能有效去除地下水中的硝酸盐,沸石为载体时对硝酸盐氮的平均去除率为98%;火山岩为载体时对硝酸盐氮的平均去除率为95%。实验过程中出现铵盐和亚硝酸盐的积累,出水中氨氮浓度为1～2.55 mg/L,亚硝酸氮浓度为0～0.98 mg/L。出水pH均介于7～8,满足饮用水标准中pH的要求（6.5～8.5）。     

Nitrate Concentrations in Springs Flowing into the Lower Flint River Basin,Georgia U.S.A.1

Allums, Stephanie E., Stephen P. Opsahl, Stephen W. Golladay, David W. Hicks, and L. Mike Conner, 2012. Nitrate Concentrations in Springs Flowing Into the Lower Flint River Basin, Georgia U.S.A. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 423-438. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00624.x Abstract: Analysis of long-term data from (2001-2009) in four springs that discharge from the Upper Floridan aquifer into the Flint River (southwestern Georgia, United States) indicate aquifer and surface-water susceptibility to nutrient loading. Nitrate-N concentrations ranged from 1.74 to 3.30 mg/l, and exceeded historical levels reported for the Upper Floridan aquifer (0.26-1.52 mg/l). Statistical analyses suggest increasing nitrate-N concentration in groundwater discharging at the springs (n = 146 over eight years) and that nitrate-N concentration is influenced by a dynamic interaction between depth to groundwater (an indicator of regional hydrologic conditions) and land use. A one-time synoptic survey of 10 springs (6 springs in addition to the 4 previously mentioned) using stable isotopes generated δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻ values (4.8-8.4‰ for rural springs and 7.7-13.4‰ for developed/urban springs) suggesting mixed sources (i.e., fertilizer, animal waste, and soil organic nitrogen) of nitrate-N to rural springs and predominantly animal/human waste to urban springs. These analyses indicate a direct relation between nitrate-N loading since the 1940s and intensification of agricultural and urban land use. This study demonstrates the importance of evaluating long-term impacts of land use on water quality in groundwater springs and in determining how rapidly these changes occur.