冬季PM2.5中无机水溶性离子与大气相对湿度的相关性

依托河北省灰霾污染防治重点实验室,对2019年11月26日—12月31日石家庄市大气PM_2.5中的NO₃^-和SO₄^2-进行连续在线观测,研究NO₃^-和SO₄^2-与环境空气相对湿度的相关性,解析冬季发生PM_2.5重污染天气的RH阈值.观测期间,RH为10%~60%时,NO₃^-的浓度与RH呈显著正相关,为PM_2.5中浓度最高的无机水溶性离子.RH超过70%后,NO₃^-与RH呈负相关,NO₃^-浓度和NOR开始下降.SO₄^2-浓度与RH在整个湿度区间均呈正相关.RH低于50%时,SO₂向SO₄^2-的转化以气相反应为主.RH高于50%以后,颗粒物达到潮解点,SO₂的主要反应转入液相,转化速率加快,SO₂液相反应贡献逐渐增加至64.6%.RH超过70%后,SO₄^2-成为PM_2.5中浓度最高的无机水溶性离子.RH超过PM_2.5潮解点以后,NO₃^-和SO₄^2-大量合成,推高PM_2.5环境浓度,易于形成重污染天气.     

地下水硝酸盐污染抽出处理优化方法模拟研究

以北京某场地生活垃圾填埋场硝酸盐污染地下水为研究对象,针对抽出处理技术,利用遗传算法(GA)和模拟退火法(SA)对地下水硝酸盐污染羽治理区中布置18口备选井方案进行优化.优化目标函数最小化治理成本,确定最佳井数及其井的位置和抽水速率,同时达到在100 d内将研究区硝酸盐浓度降低至10 mg·L-1的治理目标.GA优化结果为8号井优化抽水速率为155 m3·d-1,14号井优化抽水速率为10 m3·d-1.SA优化结果为8号井优化抽水速率为82 m3·d-1,14号井优化抽水速率为39 m3·d-1.基于GA和SA优化抽水速率,硝酸盐总量去除率分别为76.89%和84.92%.优化结果说明,最佳井的位置应位于硝酸盐污染羽中游及中下游的中轴线上,且中游抽水速率比下游要大.两种优化算法对比表明SA优化系统治理成本比GA节省6.8%,且波动性小,更收敛.     

海河天津段与河口海域水体氮素分布特征及其与溶解氧的关系

从海河天津段至河口海域选取20个采样点,研究了水体中氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的分布特征及其与溶解氧的关系.结果表明:海河天津段及河口海域水体氮素以氨氮含量最高,均超出地面水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)的Ⅴ类水质标准, 与海河两岸排放的工业废水及城镇生活污水有关;海河内陆水体的氮素含量远高于河口海域,且亚硝酸盐氮的含量表现得尤为突出,可能与水体溶解氧水平和微生物环境有着很大关系;海域的氮素含量因受水体均质化的影响,与溶解氧含量的关系不明显,而河水的氮素组成受溶解氧含量的影响波动很大;除6,7号样点溶解氧含量较高以外,河水的溶解氧含量均偏低,位于河口处的10号样点的溶解氧含量最低,该站点3种形态的氮含量都相对较高,且亚硝酸盐氮的含量最高,可能是由于该样点处于相对厌氧状态,部分硝酸盐被反硝化细菌等微生物还原为亚硝酸盐所致.      

Understanding unusually high levels of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in winter in Urban Jinan, China

Peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN), as a major secondary pollutant, has gained increasing worldwide attentions, but relevant studies in China are still quite limited. During winter of 2015 to summer of 2016, the ambient levels of PAN were measured continuously by an automatic gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector(GC–ECD) analyzer at an urban site in Jinan(China), with related parameters including concentrations of O3, NO, NO_2, PM_(2.5), HONO,the photolysis rate constant of NO_2 and meteorological factors observed concurrently. The mean and maximum values of PAN concentration were(1.89 ± 1.42) and 9.61 ppbv respectively in winter, and(2.54 ± 1.44) and 13.47 ppbv respectively in summer. Unusually high levels of PAN were observed during severe haze episodes in winter, and the formation mechanisms of them were emphatically discussed. Study showed that high levels of PAN in winter were mainly caused by local accumulation and strong photochemical reactions during haze episodes, while mass transport played only a minor role. Accelerated photochemical reactions(compared to winter days without haze) during haze episodes were deduced by the higher concentrations but shorter lifetimes of PAN, which was further supported by the sufficient solar radiation in the photolysis band along with the high concentrations of precursors(NO_2, VOCs) and HONO during haze episodes. In addition, significant PAN accumulation during calm weather of haze episodes was verified by meteorological data.     

广州城区秋季大气PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性无机离子分析

分别在广州市中心城区高楼顶(距地50m)和交通干线路边(距地1.2m),于2006年秋季连续一周采集了大气PM2.5样品,对比分析了SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、F-、Na+、NH4+、Ca2+、K+、Mg2+等9种水溶性无机离子含量。结果表明,楼顶相对充分混合大气中PM2.5的质量浓度范围59.5～129.5μg/m3,均值为83.7μg/m3;交通干线路边大气PM2.5的质量浓度范围为108.4～132.2μg/m3,均值为121.1μg/m3。9种离子总浓度平均达到50.9(楼顶)和44.1(路边)μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的60.8%(楼顶)和36.4%(路边)。SO42-和NO3-为水溶性无机离子主要组成,其占PM2.5质量浓度的比例均是楼顶高于路边,显示二次气溶胶对楼顶充分混合大气中PM2.5有较大贡献,而路边样品中一次来源贡献相对较大。计算表明采样期间海盐对广州大气PM2.5中的水溶性组分贡献较小。NH4+当量浓度远小于SO42-和NO3-的当量浓度,中和度远1,反映PM2.5酸性较强,且楼项PM2.5粒子酸性高于路边样品。     

硝酸根对有机磷光解释放磷酸根的影响

为了解硝酸根（NO₃^-）的光化学活性对水体中有机磷间接光解释放磷酸根过程的影响,采用室内模拟实验,研究了NO₃^-在草甘膦光解转化为磷酸根中的作用及NO₃^-浓度对该反应速度的影响,并以甲醇为羟基自由基（·OH）猝灭剂,印证了NO₃^-对富营养化湖泊水体中有机磷光解释放磷的作用.结果表明,在紫外光（UV）照射下,草甘膦可以直接光解转化为磷酸根,其磷酸根的释放量随着溶液初始pH和草甘膦浓度的增加而增大.加入NO₃^-处理,光照60min后,磷酸根的释放量由空白处理的0.05mg/L增加到了0.43mg/L.添加Fe³⁺可促进这一过程,而添加腐殖酸（HA）和碳酸氢根（HCO₃^-）则可以显著抑制磷酸根的释放.在湖泊水体中,添加草甘膦,磷酸根的释放量显著高于空白,而增加湖水中NO₃^-浓度时,磷酸根的释放量则进一步增大.在湖水/草甘膦/NO₃^-体系中添加·OH猝灭剂甲醇后,磷酸根的释放量显著降低.可见在紫外光条件下,NO₃^-的光化学作用对有机磷释放磷酸根过程具有重要影响.     

Nitrogen Saturation of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Some Recent Findings and Their Implications for Our Conceptual Framework

The consequences of nitrogen (N) enrichment for terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems are of increasing concern in many areas due to continued or increasing high emission rates of reactive N. Within terrestrial ecosystems various conceptual frameworks and modelling approaches have been developed which have enhanced our understanding of the sequence of changes associated with increased N availability and help us predict their future impacts. Here, some recent findings are described and their implications for these conceptual frameworks and modelling approaches discussed. They are: (a) an early loss of plant species that are characteristic of low N conditions as N availability increases and a loss of species with high N retention efficiencies (so called N ‘filters’), (b) suppression of microbial immobilisation of deposited due to increased availability in the early stages of N saturation, (c) the early onset of leaching due to these changes (a and b above) in both plant and microbial functioning, (d) reduced sensitivity of vegetation to N additions in areas with high historical N deposition, (e) delayed changes in soil C:N changes due to increased net primary productivity and reduced decomposition of soil organic matter. Some suggestions of early indicators of N saturation are suggested (occurrence of mosses; ratio in surface soils) which indicate either a shift in ecosystem function and/or structure.     

好氧反硝化细菌的筛选鉴定及处理硝酸盐废水的研究

采用污泥驯化手段富集好氧反硝化细菌,将得到的驯化污泥分离纯化,共得到5株好氧反硝化细菌.f1、f2、f3、f5和f7的TN去除率为90.4%、 91.2%、94.6%、95.6%和97%,表现出较好地去除总氮的能力.经过生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA测序, 建立了系统发育树,可基本确定分离的菌株f1、f3和f5为Pseudomonas sp., 分离菌f2和f4为Paracoccus sp..采用筛选的5株好氧反硝化细菌建立连续流反应器.在反应器进入稳定运行阶段时,可以观察到系统对于硝酸盐的去除率稳定在98.16%左右.表现出较好的硝酸盐去除效果,出水亚硝酸盐含量一直维持在较低的水平,其最大值不超过3.56　mg/L.COD的平均去除率为87.24％,基本实现了同一反应器中有机物和硝酸盐的共同去除.     

土壤氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮的测定试料保存实验

对测定土壤中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氲、硝酸盐氲的试料保存条件和时间进行研究。结果表明,在4℃、避光保存的条件下,试料可以保存7d,而各组份浓度值基本保持不变。其中,氨氮的本底试料值相对标准偏差为2．86％,加标试料值相对标准偏差为2．88％,加标回收率为85．8％～101％;亚硝酸盐氮加标量为0．5μg试料值相对标准偏差为3．55％,加标量为4．0μg试料值相对标准偏差为2．93％;硝酸盐氮与亚硝酸盐氮总量的本底试料值相对标准偏差为7．02％,加标试料值相对标准偏差为4．56％,加标回收率为82．6％～104％。     

不同碳源条件下聚磷菌代谢特性

利用2套SBR系统在厌氧好氧交替条件下对聚磷菌(phosphorus accumulating organisms,PAO)进行富集,分别采用乙酸和丙酸作为碳源。通过对典型周期内磷酸盐,聚羟基烷酸(polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHAs),糖原和多聚磷酸盐变化情况的分析,探讨了不同碳源下,聚磷菌胞内碳源物质的代谢机理以及其对于生物除磷的影响。结果表明,以乙酸为碳源时,PHAs的合成量和分解量都要高于丙酸为碳源,且PHAs主要成分以聚-β-羟丁酸(poly-β-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)为主,污泥的比释磷速率和比吸磷速率都要高于丙酸为碳源的情况。