Relation Between Flow and Temporal Variations of Nitrate and Pesticides in Two Karst Springs in Northern Alabama1

Abstract: Two karst springs in the Mississippian Carbonate Aquifer of northern Alabama were sampled between March 1999 and March 2001 to characterize the variability in concentration of nitrate, pesticides, selected pesticide degradates, water temperature, and inorganic constituents. Water temperature and inorganic ion data for McGeehee Spring indicate that this spring represents a shallow flow system with a relatively short average ground‐water residence time. Water issuing from the larger of the two springs, Meridianville Spring, maintained a constant temperature, and inorganic ion data indicate that this water represents a deeper flow system having a longer average ground‐water residence time than McGeehee Spring. Although water‐quality data indicate differing short‐term responses to rainfall at the two springs, the seasonal variation of nitrate and pesticide concentrations generally is similar for the two springs. With the exception of pesticides detected at low concentrations, the coefficient of variation for most constituent concentrations was less than that of flow at both springs, with greater variability in concentration at McGeehee Spring. Degradates of the herbicides atrazine and fluometuron were detected at concentrations comparable to or greater than the parent pesticides. Decreases in concentration of the principal degradate of fluometuron from about July to November indicate that the degradation rate may decrease as fluometuron (demethylfluometuron) moves deeper into the soil after application. Data collected during the study show that from about November to March when recharge rates increase, nitrate and residual pesticides in the soil, unsaturated zone, and storage within the aquifer are transported to the spring discharges. Because of the increase in recharge, fluometuron loads discharged from the springs during the winter were comparable to loads discharged at the springs during the growing season.     

Testing the Hydrological Landscape Unit Classification System and Other Terrain Analysis Measures for Predicting Low-Flow Nitrate and Chloride in Watersheds

Elevated nitrate concentrations in streamwater are a major environmental management problem. While land use exerts a large control on stream nitrate, hydrology often plays an equally important role. To date, predictions of low-flow nitrate in ungauged watersheds have been poor because of the difficulty in describing the uniqueness of watershed hydrology over large areas. Clearly, hydrologic response varies depending on the states and stocks of water, flow pathways, and residence times. How to capture the dominant hydrological controls that combine with land use to define streamwater nitrate concentration is a major research challenge. This paper tests the new Hydrologic Landscape Regions (HLRs) watershed classification scheme of Wolock and others (Environmental Management 34:S71-S88, 2004) to address the question: Can HLRs be used as a way to predict low-flow nitrate? We also test a number of other indexes including inverse-distance weighting of land use and the well-known topographic index (TI) to address the question: How do other terrain and land use measures compare to HLR in terms of their ability to predict low-flow nitrate concentration? We test this for 76 watersheds in western Oregon using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program and Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program data. We found that HLRs did not significantly improve nitrate predictions beyond the standard TI and land-use metrics. Using TI and inverse-distance weighting did not improve nitrate predictions; the best models were the percentage land use—elevation models. We did, however, see an improvement of chloride predictions using HLRs, TI, and inverse-distance weighting; adding HLRs and TI significantly improved model predictions and the best models used inverse-distance weighting and elevation. One interesting result of this study is elevation consistently predicted nitrate better than TI or the hydrologic classification scheme.     

Zn2+/TiO2薄膜光催化剂的制备及对NO的去除

为研究Zn^2＋／TiO2薄膜光催化剂对NO的去除效果,以钛酸四正丁酯和Zn（NO3）2为前驱体、石英玻璃片为基片,用在溶胶中进行浸渍提拉的方法,于500℃下煅烧制备出Zn^2＋加入量不同的Zn^2＋／TiO2薄膜光催化剂,重点考察了Zn^2＋加入量对NO去除率的影响。实验结果表明,Zn^2＋的加入可进一步提高NO的去除率,当Zn^2＋加入量为4％时,NO最高去除率为89％。对各种试样的扫描电镜和X射线衍射表征结果表明,适当加入Zn^2＋可改善纳米TiO2的分散状态,减小粒径尺寸,从而达到提高NO去除率的目的。     

电子束烟气脱硫技术工业示范工程进展

处理成都电厂２００ＭＷ机组锅炉的３０万Ｎｍ３／ｈ烟气。它是目前世界上已投入运行的处理烟气量最大的电子束脱硫装置。其脱硫率及脱硝率均超过８０％及１０％的设计值,各项运行消耗指标均低于设计值。处理过程为干法,无废水废渣,副产品硫（硝）铵可用作化肥。该装置的自动化程度较高,操作简便,对烟气ＳＯ２浓度及烟气量的变化有较好的适应性和负荷跟踪性。烟气中残氨浓度及周围的辐射剂量低于国家标准的规定。     

环境水样及蔬菜中NO2-和NO3-的流动注射光度法同时测定

将流动注射技术引入Ｎ－（１－萘基）乙烯二胺光度法测定ＮＯ２＾－分析体系,采用单阀双带注入镀镉锌片还原柱带隔离的阀体流路,建立了同时测定微量ＮＯ２＾－和ＮＯ３＾－的分析方法。     

我国主要河流水系硝态氮污染特征及定量源解析

准确定量污染来源组成是有效控制水体硝态氮污染的关键科学基础.采用荟萃分析的方法,收集了2000~2022年我国167条主要水系河流的硝态氮浓度和硝态氮的氮氧同位素等数据,分析了七大主要河流水系硝态氮污染的时空变异规律及其转化特征,定量识别了河流硝态氮的污染来源组成.结果表明,我国主要河流水系ρ（NO₃^--N）平均值为（4.54±3.99）mg·L^-1,其中9.6%的河流硝态氮浓度超过我国地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）规定的限值（10.0 mg·L^-1）,海河水系的硝态氮污染最为严重.东部地区河流水系的硝态氮浓度总体高于西部,各大河流水系支流的硝态氮浓度高于干流.除黄河水系以外,其他水系枯水期的硝态氮浓度总体高于丰水期.珠江水系、黄河水系中下游地区、辽河水系中游地区、松花江水系,以及海河水系河流水体存在显著的硝化作用,而长江水系、淮河水系和珠江水系下游地区存在显著的反硝化作用.污水/粪肥是长江水系、海河水系、辽河水系,以及东南诸河水系硝态氮的主要来源（> 50%）,土壤氮是松花江水系硝态氮的主要来源（56.4%）,化肥氮、土壤氮和污水/粪肥对珠江水系、淮河水系和黄河水系硝态氮的污染贡献为20%~40%.污水/粪肥对水系支流硝态氮贡献率总体大于干流的,土壤氮对干流硝态氮的贡献总体大于支流的.土壤氮、化肥氮和大气沉降氮对丰水期河流硝态氮的贡献率高于枯水期,而污水/粪肥对枯水期河流硝态氮的污染贡献率高于丰水期.因此,海河水系、长江水系、辽河水系、黄河水系支流与下游干流地区和珠江水系下游地区应重点控制生活和生产的污水排放等点源污染,而淮河水系、松花江水系、黄河水系中游干流地区和珠江水系中上游地区要重点控制化肥和土壤氮等流失造成的非点源污染.研究结果可为有效控制我国各河流水系硝态氮的污染提供科学依据.     

MBBR的生物反硝化特性

在讨论生物膜反硝化原理的基础上研究了移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)的生物反硝化特性.在NO-3-N负荷为0.32 kg/(m3·d)条件下,MBBR系统达稳态时的平均生物膜量为33.7 mg/g,生物膜厚为100μm左右;生物膜的COD降解速率为166.5 mg/(g·h),硝氮降解速率为32.1 mg/(g·h).     

The Pollution Load by Nitrogen and Phosphorus IN the Jadro River

The objective of the investigations of the Jadro River, located in Croatia, was to estimate the nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Jadro River spring and its streamflow by calculating the load in kg/day or tons/year and to compare this with the load for the maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) for drinking water (Official Bulletin, No 46/94) expressed in kg/day or tons/year.Daily pollution loads at the Jadro River spring for total N ranged from 0 to 304 kg, for NH₃-N from 0 to 38 kg, for NO₃-N from 0–1321 kg and for PO₄-P from 0–92 kg in the period from September 1993 to September 2003. When compared with MAC loads the results prove that the Jadro River spring is not polluted by nitrogen compounds and phosphorus.The average annual load for total N ranged from 10 to 33 t, for NH₃-N from 0.25 to 5.15 t, for NO₃-N from 40 to 190 t, and for PO₄-P from 0.3 to 11.5 t. The nitrogen compounds and phosphorus loads vary from one year to another without any constant decreasing or increasing trends. The annual average loads compared with the average annual MAC loads (especially for NH₃-N and PO₄-P) show that there were no threats of constant pollution of the spring.The loads for total N and PO₄-P along the Jadro River flow from the spring to the fishpond entrance were monitored over a five year period from September 1999 to September 2004. The results show no regularities. The highest annual total nitrogen load of 45 t was recorded at the entrance to the fishpond during the 2002/2003 period. The highest annual PO₄-P load of 10 t was measured at the Vidović Bridge during the 2003/2004 period; however, the concentrations of N and P did not exceed the MAC concentrations which are prescribed for drinking water.According to the investigation results of the daily and average annual loads compared with MAC loads for drinking water, it can be concluded that the Jadro River spring and its streamflow are not polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus.     

缺氧条件下含氮杂环化合物吲哚和吡啶的共代谢研究

以含氮杂环化合物吲哚和吡啶为研究对象,在传统的缺氧反硝化机理研究基础上,通过向配制废水中加入硝酸盐氮,研究吡啶和吲哚在缺氧条件下的共代谢作用.结果表明,吡啶和吲哚缺氧共代谢的最佳碳氮比为8.4～8.9之间.硝酸还原酶适宜作用的环境条件为:温度28℃,pH值7.0～7.5.吡啶的加入有利于硝酸还原酶活性的提高,吡啶对吲哚的缺氧降解有协同作用.在最佳碳氮比条件下,当吲哚起始浓度为150mg/L,吲哚和吡啶的浓度比例为1～10之间时,吲哚的降解符合零级动力学规律,反应过程中亚硝酸盐氮基本没有积累.当吡啶和吲哚的浓度比小于0.25时,随着吡啶浓度比例的提高,硝酸还原酶活性及吲哚降解速率的增长较快;当吡啶和吲哚的浓度比大于0.25时,硝酸还原酶活性及吲哚降解速率的增长变得比较缓慢.     

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) concentrations in the Antarctic troposphere measured during the photochemical experiment at Neumayer (PEAN'99)

Because investigations of PAN at higher southern latitudes are very scarce, we measured surface PAN concentrations for the first time in Antarctica. During the Photochemical Experiment at Neumayer (PEAN'99) campaign mean surface PAN mixing ratios of 13±7 pptv and maximum values of 48 pptv were found. When these PAN mixing ratios were compared to the sum of NO_x and inorganic nitrate they were found to be equal or higher. Low ambient air temperatures and low PAN concentrations caused a slow homogeneous PAN decomposition rate of approximately 5×10⁻² pptv h⁻¹. These slow decay rates were not sufficient to firmly establish the simultaneously observed NO_x concentrations. In addition, low concentration ratios of [HNO₃]/[NO_x] imply that the photochemical production of NO_x within the snow pack can influence surface NO_x mixing ratios in Antarctica. Alternate measurements of PAN mixing ratios at two different heights above the snow surface were performed to derive fluxes between the lower troposphere and the underlying snow pack using calculated friction velocities. Most of the concentration differences were below the precision of the measurements. Therefore, only an upper limit for the PAN flux of ±1×10¹³ molecules m⁻² s⁻¹ without a predominant direction can be estimated. However, PAN fluxes below this limit can still influence both the transfer of nitrogen compounds between atmosphere and ice, and the PAN budget in higher southern latitudes.