硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜和颗粒污泥的同时产甲烷反硝化性能影响研究

为了研究硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜系统同时产甲烷反硝化反应的影响及其机制,拓展生物膜工艺在高氮有机废水中的应用,采用生物膜-污泥厌氧复合反应器和上流式厌氧污泥床培养具备同时产甲烷反硝化反应的功能微生物系统,并以间歇实验方法,对比研究硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜和颗粒污泥的同时产甲烷反硝化性能的影响.结果表明,硝酸盐对生物膜和颗粒污泥系统去除COD和反硝化反应均有影响,但硝酸盐浓度变化对颗粒污泥系统的影响比生物膜系统更大,生物膜表现出更强的降解能力和更高的耐性阈值.随着硝酸盐浓度从75 mg·L-1增加到600 mg·L-1,颗粒污泥对COD的降解速率从273.26mg·（h·g）-1降到0.1 mg·（h·g）-1,而生物膜从95 mg·（h·g）-1降至1.7 mg·（h·g）-1;同时,生物膜和颗粒污泥对硝酸盐的降解速率分别从21.43、22.31 mg·（h·g）-1增加到83.72、61.06 mg·（h·g）-1,随着硝酸盐的降解,生物膜表现出更强的恢复能力,最大值为712.44 mg·（h·g）-1.研究还发现亚硝酸盐积累是影响生物膜和颗粒污泥同时脱氮除碳功能的主要原因,在相同的硝酸盐浓度下,生物膜中亚硝酸盐的最大积累量仅为的颗粒污泥的1/10.因此,生物膜-污泥厌氧复合反应器可以作为高浓度含氮有机废水实现同时产甲烷反硝化工艺反应器一种重要选择.     

酰胺咪嗪光降解效能与机制及其影响因素研究

以氙灯为模拟光源,研究了酰胺咪嗪（carbamazepine,CBZ）在纯水中的光降解效能与机制,并考察了硝酸根离子（NO3-）、碳酸氢根离子（HCO3-）和腐殖酸（HA）对其光降解速率的影响.结果表明,纯水中CBZ的光降解符合假一级反应动力学;在光强为1 200 mW.cm-2、CBZ初始浓度为200μg·L-1时,CBZ的光降解速率常数为0.028 7 min-1,半衰期为24.15min;纯水中CBZ的去除是以自敏化光降解反应为主,其中单线态氧（1O2）参与的自敏化光氧化反应贡献率较大,为75.3%,而羟基自由基（.OH）的贡献率较小,为5.6%;在本试验条件下,NO3-、HCO3-以及HA浓度的增加都会对CBZ的光降解过程产生抑制,其中NO3-的抑制作用最为明显,当加入的NO3-浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1时,CBZ的半衰期延长为433.22 min,约为不加NO3-时的18倍.     

硫酸铵和硝酸铵对镇江市大气PM2.5理化性质的影响

近年来,无机盐尤其是硝酸盐对我国大气PM_2.5的贡献日益凸显,而其如何影响颗粒物的重要理化性质尚待深入研究.于2021年1~12月期间,在镇江市开展了连续观测,获得了大气PM_2.5中硫酸铵［（NH₄）₂SO₄）］和硝酸铵（NH₄NO₃）浓度,系统讨论了二者对颗粒物消光、吸湿增长和酸度的影响.结果表明,2021年镇江市ρ［（NH₄）₂SO₄］和ρ（NH₄NO₃）的年均值分别为（6.5±4.5）μg ·m^-3和（15.0±13.3）μg ·m^-3,对PM_2.5浓度的平均贡献率分别为（20.5±18.2）%和（34.5±18.4）%;PM_2.5的总消光系数为（224.5±194.2） Mm^-1,其中NH₄NO₃的贡献率为（40.1±20.9）%,（NH₄）₂SO₄为（19.1±10.8）%;（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃是PM_2.5吸湿增长的主要贡献者,在污染条件下NH₄NO₃对颗粒物液态水的贡献率为（53.8±13.4）%~（61.6±14.6）%;NH₄NO₃是未来镇江市能见度和空气质量改善的关键污染物,但削减NH₄NO₃前体物可能会导致颗粒物酸度增加,尤其对春冬季节颗粒物酸度的影响较为明显.研究结果对理解空气质量变化及二次影响具有重要意义,并对镇江市空气质量的持续改善提供了重要参考.     

小球藻磷吸收的初步研究

将经过磷饥饿的小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)接入不同初始磷质量浓度的培养基中进行一次性培养,研究磷对小球藻生长的影响,以及小球藻吸收磷的动力学特征和藻体总磷、水中可溶性磷的变化规律。结果表明,小球藻密度随初始磷质量浓度增加而增加。5个磷酸盐质量浓度组中,磷质量浓度为0.047 mg/L和0.155 mg/L组的小球藻延滞期长,对数期和稳定期均明显短于0.47 mg/L、0.775 mg/L和2.48 mg/L组。中高磷质量浓度组小球藻平均比生长率μa和最大比生长率μm明显高于低磷组。根据拟合的Monod方程和Droop方程,磷酸盐影响下小球藻最大比增长率μm为0.377/d,半饱和常数Ks为0.311 mg/L,最小细胞内磷份额Q0为73μg/mg(干重)。小球藻细胞的生长主要取决于细胞内磷含量,藻细胞利用外源性磷有快速吸收和缓慢吸收两个过程。     

UN test O.1 errors in quantifying the behavior of solid oxidizers

The results of the UN test O.1 for oxidizing solids are shown to be incorrect when specimens contain certain inertant additives, illustrated for the case of oxidizers in the ammonium nitrate fertilizer family. Test results for three different AN-based products containing inertants show that two of the three (including calcium ammonium nitrate, CAN, a long-known safer alternative to AN) would be misranked with the O.1 test. An analogy between the heat release rate of substances containing fire retardant (FR) chemicals is established and several ways by which FR behavior can be achieved are demonstrated. It is shown that the O.1 test implicitly adopts only one model of inertant action, and that chemicals which rely on a differing mode of inertant action are liable to be incorrectly treated. It is further shown that the physical basis of the O.1 test—an intimate mixture of finely-comminuted fuel and oxidizer—misrepresents the most common type of accidents involving oxidizers, and that such test results do not correspond to scenarios of a less extreme nature. The new O.3 test improves the analysis method, but does not resolve the problem of excessive commingling of fuel into oxidizer. It is recommended that the intermediate-scale arrangement used by the Bureau of Explosives be adopted for further development and standardization, in preference to the O.1 or O.3 test arrangements.     

硫酸盐对微生物燃料电池脱氮的影响

构建了双室型微生物燃料电池(MFC),探讨了硫酸盐对MFC阴极脱氮效果和产电性能的影响。实验结果表明:缺氧阴极室中,硝酸盐氮、硫酸盐的还原存在一定的竞争关系,且硫酸盐对电子的竞争能力比硝酸盐氮强;当S与N的质量比(记为S/N)为2∶1时,72 h后的硫酸根去除率达96.41%,而硝酸盐氮去除率仅为36.86%;在S/N为2∶1的条件下,当电压达307.6 m V时,功率密度达最大值15.77 W/m2,电池内阻为100Ω,与未加入硫酸盐时相比产电性能明显提高。     

硝酸盐在层状氢氧化镁铝及其焙烧产物上的吸附特性比较

通过静态吸附实验,对比研究了水溶液中硝酸盐在自制层状氢氧化镁铝(每批500 kg)(Mg-Al LDH)及其焙烧产物(Mg-Al CLDH)上的吸附性能和机理, 用多晶X射线衍射对层状氢氧化镁铝(吸附前后)及其焙烧产物(吸附前后)的结构进行了表征.结果表明,硝酸盐在层状氢氧化镁铝及其焙烧产物上的吸附分别是通过离子交换和"结构记忆"效应实现的.硝酸盐在层状氢氧化镁铝及其焙烧产物上的吸附量受吸附时间、温度、吸附剂用量、初始pH值、溶液初始浓度、离子强度等因素的影响.在25～80 ℃的条件下,硝酸盐在层状氢氧化镁铝及其焙烧产物上的吸附均符合Freundlich线性吸附等温方程式.在层状氢氧化镁铝上的吸附为放热反应,平衡吸附量为34.87～26.95 mg·g-1,而在焙烧层状氢氧化镁铝上的吸附为吸热反应,平衡吸附量为45.41～203.44 mg·g-1.焙烧层状氢氧化镁铝可有效脱除溶液中的硝酸盐,吸附后产物在700℃下重复再生3次,吸附量无变化.溶液初始浓度为500 mg·L-1、吸附剂用量为0.1 g、吸附时间为15min、温度为40 ℃是焙烧层状氢氧化镁铝吸附的最佳条件.     

Small-scale fire performance assessment of intumescent coatings on metal tubes containing ammonium nitrate. A stepping-stone towards their application as a fire safety measure on road transportation tanks?

Ammonium nitrate is used in vast amounts globally, first and foremost as a component of fertilizers and explosive formulations. This usage necessitates its transportation which, as for most hazardous materials, involves certain risks. For oxidizing materials such as ammonium nitrate, the ultimate consequence of road transportation incidents is usually considered to be fire followed by explosion. Even though the probability in general is low, substantial reduction in its risk is a great gain for public safety. Thus, identifying novel and improving current safety measures for risk reduction, is an important aspect in the field of hazardous materials. Herein, a series of experiments are reported, which demonstrate the fire protection performance of two state-of-the-art intumescent passive fire protection materials on small-scale metal test tubes containing ammonium nitrate. Albeit being initial experiments on laboratory-scale, these results provide a promising starting point for further investigations on the potential of these materials for the fire protection of ammonium nitrate when carried in metal tanks. At its best, a prominent protection of ammonium nitrate from heat exposure was observed, as the temperature was kept well below its boiling point for more than 2.5 h. Successively, it resulted in a complete recovery of the sample material. This was in large contrast to the observed results for the unprotected test tubes, which led to complete decomposition of the sample after 11 min.     

Groundwater Nitrate Concentration Reductions in a Riparian Buffer Enrolled in the NC Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program

Riparian buffers have been used for many years as a best management practice to decrease the effects of nonpoint pollution from watersheds. The NC Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (NC CREP) has established buffers to treat groundwater nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃^?‐N) from agricultural sources in multiple river basins. A maturing 46 m wide riparian buffer enrolled in NC CREP was studied to determine its effectiveness in reducing groundwater NO₃^?‐N concentrations from a cattle pasture fertilized with poultry litter. Three monitoring blocks that included groundwater quality wells, water table wells, and soil redox probes, were established in the buffer. NO₃^?‐N concentrations decreased significantly across the buffer in all of the monitoring blocks with mean reductions of 76‐92%. Many biological processes, including denitrification and plant uptake, may have been responsible for the observed NO₃^?‐N reductions but could not be differentiated in this study. However, mean reductions in Cl^? concentrations ranged from 48‐65% through the blocks, which indicated that dilution was an important factor in observed NO₃^?‐N reductions. These findings should be carefully considered for future buffer enrollments when assigning nitrogen removal credits.     

雨水管道沉积物中典型无机氮的干期粒径分布

以南京江北新区分流制雨水管道沉积物为研究对象,考察不同粒径沉积物中铵态氮（NH₃-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）干期分布特征,分析其随干期长度的变化关系,并探讨沉积物理化性质及微生物菌群结构对NH₃-N和NO₃^--N干期分布的影响.结果表明：粒径≤0.075mm的沉积物中NH₃-N占比最高（交通区30.8%,商业区36.7%）;交通区粒径≤0.075mm的沉积物中NO₃^--N占比最高（33.0%）,而商业区粒径0.075~0.15mm沉积物中NO₃^--N占比最高（34.4%）;干期长度与交通区0.075~0.15mm粒径段的沉积物中NO₃^--N含量及商业区粒径≥0.3mm的沉积物中NH₃-N含量之间的相关性均最显著;雨水管道沉积物中NH₃-N和NO₃^--N的干期分布与O-H和N-H等官能团、表面极性和亲水性、微观形貌等有一定关联;交通区雨水管道沉积物中Gemmobacter等反硝化优势菌种（相对丰度总和为20.15%）对NO₃^--N干期分布影响更显著.