用改性硅藻土、活性污泥处理城市垃圾渗滤液的研究

改性硅藻土对城市垃圾渗滤液处理仅限于去除渗滤液中的悬浮物.悬浮物和色度的去除率分别大于98%和96%,CODcr的去除率仅为18.1%～26.4%,而对NH3-N的去除没有任何作用.用特殊驯化过的活性污泥进一步处理改性硅藻土处理后的渗滤液,CODcr又可去除80%,NH3-N去除85%,处理废水达到垃圾渗滤液排放二级标准.     

Complex behaviour of trivalent rare earth elements by humic acids

The complexation behaviours of trivalent rare earth elements (La, Ce, Ho and Yb) by two types of humic acids were investigated under a specified set of conditions. Humic acids show quite different complexation capacities an conditional formation constants with the REEs. Apparently there are two types of binding sites in the functional groups of humic acid, in which the first binding sites have stronger ability than the second. Cerium shows the largest complexation capacities and highest formation constants among the four REEs with two humic acids, this anomaly may be relative to the distribution pattern of the REEs in seawater. The experimental results were comparable to the values of other metals reported and provided the basic data for the environmental geochemistry of rare earth elements.     

抽水对地壳形变观测影响的研究

抽水引起地面沉降问题早已引起世界各国的关注,是目前世界上许多取用地下水的国家共同面临的严重环境保护问题。我国地面沉降研究工作的开展已有10多年的历史,主要方法是利用沉降模型进行模拟推测,其弊端较多。由于缺少地下水水位和地面沉降的实际观测资料,难以进行细致的研究。蓟县地震台进行地形变监测已有十几年的历史,在长期的地形变观测中,不仅能监视到抽水引起地面倾角的地变化(经换算可得地面垂直方向的变化),还能监视地面因抽水引起地面水平方向的变化。为具体研究人工抽水与地壳形变的关系进行抽水实验。     

单细胞凝胶电泳法测定三种化合物对石棉DNA链断裂效应的抑制作用

 为了探讨3种化合物对温石棉致人胚肺（HEL）细胞DNA链断裂的影响，用不同浓度的柠檬酸铝、混合稀土或亚硒酸钠溶液浸泡温石棉1h后，再将其与HEL细胞共同孵育，利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术，测定了HEL细胞的DNA链断裂程度．结果显示，温石棉可致HEL细胞DNA链断裂，并呈明显的剂量反应关系（r＝0.992，P＜0.01），其中80μg/mL石棉所致DNA链断裂为对照组的7倍．与未处理温石棉组相比，经3种化合物预处理的温石棉所致HEL细胞DNA链断裂均明显减少，其中用等量柠檬酸铝、混合稀土或亚硒酸钠处理过的石棉，其所致DNA链断裂分别降低了38.3％、61.5％、30.1％，这表明，用上述3种化合物预处理温石棉，有可能减轻温石棉对人类的致癌危害性．     

无机离子SO_4~(2-)对小麦幼苗积累稀土的影响

采用ＭＩＮＴＥＱＡ 程序计算出在无机离子ＳＯ２－４ 存在下，轻（Ｌａ）、中（Ｇｄ）、重（Ｙ）３ 种稀土元素在溶液中的形态分布．研究了在水培条件下ＳＯ２－４ 对３种稀土元素在小麦幼苗根、茎和叶部的积累规律．热力学实验表明，小麦幼苗在加ＳＯ２－４ 的稀土元素溶液中培养３０ｄ 后，小麦根部对Ｌａ、Ｇｄ 的积累受抑制，而对Ｙ的积累却明显提高；加入ＳＯ２－４ 后茎叶部对Ｌａ、Ｙ积累值改变不明显，但对Ｇｄ的积累有所增加．生长动态实验表明，在ＳＯ２－４ 存在下，小麦幼苗根部对稀土的积累随时间增加而增加，其积累值符合线性递增函数方程，相关系数ｒ＞ ０．９４；而茎叶部最初积累能力较强，ＳＯ２－４ 的加入对小麦植株动态吸收稀土规律无明显影响．     

Investigation and risk assessment modeling of As and other heavy metals contamination around five abandoned metal mines in Korea

Tailings, agricultural soils, vegetables and groundwater samples were collected from abandoned metal mines (Duckum, Dongil, Dongjung, Myoungbong and Songchun mines) in Korea. Total concentrations of arsenic (As) and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were analyzed to investigate the contamination level. Several digestion methods (Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), 0.1 N/1 N HCl) and sequential extraction analysis for mine tailings were conducted to examine the potential leachability of As and heavy metals from the tailings. The order of urgent remediation for the studied mines based on the risk assessment and remedial goals was suggested. The Songchun mine tailings were most severely contaminated by As and heavy metals. Total concentrations of As and Pb in the tailings were 38,600–58,700 mg/kg (av. 47,400 mg/kg) and 11,800–16,800 mg/kg (av. 14,600 mg/kg), respectively. Agricultural soils having high As concentrations were found at the all mines. Average concentrations of Cd in the vegetables exceeded the normal value at all mines areas, while As only at the Dongjung, Myoungbong, and Songchun mine area. One groundwater sample each from the Dongil and Myoungbong mines, and 4 groundwater samples from the Songchun mine had values above 10 μg/L of As concentration. The TCLP method revealed that only Pb in the Songchun tailings, 6.49 mg/L, exceeded the regulatory level (5 mg/L). Employing the 1-N HCl digestion method, the concentration of As in the Songchun mine tailings, 4,250 mg/kg, was up to 3,000 times higher than its Korean countermeasure standard. Results from the sequential extraction of As in the tailings showed that the easily releasable fraction in the Myoungbong and Songchun mine tailings was more than 30% and the residual fraction was less than 40%. Based on results showing the exposure health risk employing the hazard quotient and cancer risk of As, Cd and Zn, the Dongil mine needs the most urgent remedial action. The concentration reduction factor (CRF) of As in both soil and groundwater follows the order: Songchun>Dongjung>Dongil>Myoungbong>Duckum mine.     

我国农用稀土光转换材料研究进展

概述了近年来我国农用稀土光转换材料的研究进展及目前存在的问题.重点介绍了转光剂的类型及研究现状,展望了稀土光转换材料的发展前景.     

Detecting Population Declines over Large Areas with Presence-Absence, Time-to-Encounter, and Count Survey Methods

Abstract:  Ecologists often discount presence-absence surveys as a poor way to gain insight into population dynamics, in part because these surveys are not amenable to many standard statistical tests. Still, presence-absence surveys are sometimes the only feasible alternative for monitoring large areas when funds are limited, especially for sparse or difficult-to-detect species. I undertook a detailed simulation study to compare the power of presence-absence, count, and time-to-encounter surveys to detect regional declines in a population. I used a modeling approach that simulates both population numbers and the monitoring process, accounting for observation and other measurement errors. In gauging the efficacy of presence-absence surveys versus other approaches, I varied the number of survey sites, the spatial variation in encounter rate, the mean encounter rate, and the type of population loss. My results showed that presence-absence data can be as or more powerful than count data in many cases. Quantitative guidelines for choosing between presence-absence surveys and count surveys depend on the biological and logistical constraints governing a conservation monitoring situation. Generally, presence-absence surveys work best when there is little variability in abundance among the survey sites, the organism is rare, and the species is difficult to detect so that the time spent getting to each survey site is less than or equal to the time spent surveying each site. Count surveys work best otherwise. I present a case study with count data on the Northern Flicker ( Colaptes auratus ) from the North American Breeding Bird Survey to illustrate how the method might be used with field-survey data. The case study demonstrates that a count survey would be the most cost-effective design but would entail reduction in the number of sites. If this site reduction is not desirable, a presence-absence survey would be the most cost-effective survey.     

云南元谋干热河谷区不同岩土类型荒山植被恢复研究

云南元谋干热河谷周低山区不同岩土组成的坡地的土壤水份环境差异较大，因而植被恢复模式应有区别，砾石层阶地丘陵坡地壤水分环境最为湿润，适宜恢复较完密的森林植被；片岩和半成岩砂砾岩低山坡地次之，适宜恢复疏林灌草植被；泥岩低山坡地最差，适宜恢复稀树灌草植被。     

ICP-MS法对国标小麦粉中15种稀土元素的定值研究

本文报道采用HNO_3+HClO_4溶样,小麦粉标样GBW 08503中15种超痕量稀土元素定值的ICP-MS应用研究.选择了仪器最佳操作参数.选用Re作内标可补偿基体效应.方法检出限为0.007—0.026ng·ml~(-1)加标回收率为95—103%.RSD为2.5—48%,方法快速、灵敏、准确.