长江中下游悬浮物稀土元素地球化学特征及其对三峡工程的响应

通过分析枯水季(2008年1月)长江中下游干流和支流(湖泊)悬浮物的稀土元素(REE)组成,探讨三峡水库的泥沙拦截对该区域沉积物组成和干、支流输沙关系的影响。结果表明:长江干流宜昌至城陵矶段的REE变异系数显著大于城陵矶以下站位,且部分站位出现显著的Ce或Eu异常,该段沉积物的物质组成存在显著差异;洞庭湖沉积物继承了长江干流的REE组成特征;鄱阳湖和汉江等支流(湖泊),与干流的REE组成存在一定的差异,通过端元混合模型估算得,观测期间鄱阳湖和汉江对长江干流沉积物的贡献分别约为58%和23%。由此可见,三峡水库的运行,导致了长江中下游枯季的物质来源和组成发生改变:中游河床出现了显著的侵蚀,汉江和鄱阳湖等支流(湖泊)对干流的物质输送相对增加。     

γ-Al2O3酸性修饰稀土尾矿NH3-SCR脱硝性能

为增加脱硝催化剂的酸性位点和比表面积,以稀土尾矿为活性主体,通过物理球磨方式添加γ-Al₂O₃,制得NH₃-SCR催化剂,脱硝温度为100~400℃.结果表明：原尾矿脱硝活性为7.6%,γ-Al₂O₃的脱硝活性为9.4%,稀土尾矿添加50%γ-Al₂O₃脱硝活性达到了64.8%,即添50%γ-Al₂O₃后加极大程度地提高了尾矿的脱硝活性.XRD实验结果表明：Al₂O₃不会与尾矿成分发生反应生成新的物质.SEM实验结果表明：当添加γ-Al₂O₃低于50%时,γ-Al₂O₃均匀分散在尾矿表面,当添加65%γ-Al₂O₃和80%γ-Al₂O₃时,γ-Al₂O₃发生团聚,分散性较差.NH₃-TPD实验结果表明：添加γ-Al₂O₃为脱硝催化剂增加酸性位点,但是当添加γ-Al₂O₃过低时（15%、35%）,吸附NH₃量不足,催化反应进行不完全.BET实验结果表面：添加γ-Al₂O₃可以增加尾矿的比表面积.     

中试ANAMMOX-ASBR处理火电厂脱硫脱硝尾液的抑制及恢复特性

采用中试ASBR (530 L),接种氧化沟工艺的兼氧段污泥,考察了厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)的启动及其与反硝化耦合处理实际火电厂脱硫脱硝尾液的抑制和恢复特性.结果表明,温度35℃±1℃、反应时间为20 h,可180 d实现ANAMMOX的成功启动;活性稳定阶段,总氮(TN)去除率和去除负荷分别达91. 1%和0. 3kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).处理脱硫脱硝尾液的中试ANAMMOX-ASBR在活性抑制阶段,可采用去除抑制因素并降低进水基质浓度方式,实现其活性的恢复(93 d).此外,采用逐步增加脱硫脱硝尾液投加比例(30%、70%、100%)的方式,可实现中试ASBR内ANAMMOX与反硝化耦合,使得系统出水TN去除率和COD浓度分别稳定在约92%和88. 5 mg·L~(-1).修正的Logistic模型更加适合描述ANAMMOX受脱硫脱硝尾液冲击后的NRR恢复过程,得到的NRR恢复延迟时间λ为17. 777个周期,R~2为0. 929 48.     

Distribution of rare earth elements in PM10 emitted from burning coals and soil-mixed coal briquettes

Emission from burning coals is one of the major sources of the airborne particles in China. We carried out a study on the rare earth elements (REEs) in the inhalable particulate matter (PM₁₀) emitted from burning coals and soil-coal honeycomb briquettes with different volatile contents and ash yields in a combustion-dilution system. Gravimetric analysis indicates that the equivalent mass concentration of the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals is higher than that emitted from burning the briquettes. The ICP-MS analysis indicates that the contents of total REEs in the coal-burning PM₁₀ are lower than those in the briquette-burning PM₁₀. In addition, the contents of the light rare earth elements (LREEs) are higher than those of the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) in the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals and briquettes, demonstrating that the REEs in both the coal-burning and briquette-burning PM₁₀ are dominated by LREEs. The higher contents of total REEs and LREEs in the coal-burning PM₁₀ are associated with the higher ash yields and lower volatile contents in the raw coals. A comparative analysis indicates that the La/Sm ratios in the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals and briquettes, being lower than 2, are lower than those in the particles from gasoline-powered vehicle emission.     

Trace elements and stable sulfur isotopes in plants of acid mine drainage area: Implications for revegetation of degraded land

The abundances of trace elements, a low pH of water and soil in areas impacted by the acid mine drainage (AMD) may cause an excessive uptake of potentially toxic elements and nutritional imbalances in plants. Metal-tolerant, native plants are used for revegetation of degraded mining areas. We established levels of selected trace elements and stable sulfur isotopes in the above-ground plant biomass collected in a mining area in south-central Poland. In 2016, 20 samples of the most common species were collected from sites with a different influence of acid mine drainage and analyzed for trace elements by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. On the basis of the results obtained in 2016, the most contaminated site was selected for a more detailed study, in which sulfur contents and stable sulfur isotope ratios were determined together with trace elements in 17 samples. The results confirmed that the plants native to the AMD area efficiently accumulated trace elements, especially As and rare earth elements. Mosses showed the highest content of trace elements, but exhibited the lowest concentrations of sulfur accompanied by the highest δ³⁴S values. It has been shown for the first time that stable sulfur isotope composition of AMD plants in south-central Poland is significantly depleted in the ³⁴S isotope showing an average δ³⁴S value of –10.5‰ in comparison with positive δ³⁴S values in local vegetation growing outside the AMD area and in local precipitation.     

南方红壤侵蚀流域水稻田中稀土元素的迁移累积特征

稀土元素通过植物吸收经食物链最终进入人体,并在人体中累积,进而影响食用人群的健康.水稻作为我国南方地区的主要粮食和经济作物,是人们生存的基础.本文通过南方花岗岩红壤侵蚀流域水稻植株根系土壤及其各部位稀土元素含量的调查,探究稀土元素在土壤-水稻系统中的迁移累积特征.结果表明:研究区土壤中稀土元素含量平均值为389.02 mg·kg~(-1),水稻土壤中呈现出重稀土元素相对富集的特点.土壤中稀土元素在Eu处呈亏损状态;除10号样点外,其他样点土壤的稀土元素在Ce处呈富集状态.水稻植株不同部位的稀土元素含量差异较大,水稻根、叶及稻谷中稀土元素含量的平均值分别为152.63、5.03和0.64 mg·kg~(-1),呈根叶稻谷的规律.稻谷中的稀土元素含量虽未超过日均稀土元素的摄入量(5.33μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)),但长期食用仍存在一定的健康风险.土壤稀土元素向水稻植株各部位的转移能力差异较大,呈根叶稻谷的规律.     

稀土纳米抗菌材料卫生安全性的研究初探

稀土纳米材料集稀土特性和纳米特性于一体 ,大大提高了纳米材料的抗菌和空气净化效果 ,因此 ,稀土纳米材料及其应用已成为当前的一个热点 ,但其卫生安全性还未引起人们的足够重视。因此 ,笔者概要地介绍了纳米抗菌材料的基本性质 ;回顾了国内外纳米抗菌材料卫生安全性的研究现状 ;并进行了初步的动物红细胞脆性试验。试验结果发现豚鼠接触该类稀土纳米材料后 ,红细胞的脆性与对照组相比降低明显 ,提示过量的使用稀土纳米材料会对机体产生不良的影响。笔者最终提出了可能存在的作用机理 ,即纳米材料粒径很小 (0 .1～ 10 0 .0nm) ,具有独特的小尺寸效应和表面效应 ,极大的比表面积使得纳米材料吸附能力很强。稀土离子以纳米级的金属氧化物作为载体 ,更易被绑定并穿过细胞膜 ,从而对红细胞的脆性造成了很强的破坏 ,故脆性值较正常对照组显著增加。     

A DECISION THEORY APPROACH TO EARTH DAM CLASSIFICATION1

ABSTRACT: The fact that dams have failed indicates that there is still a risk involved, in spite of the major effort to ensure reliability. In seeking ways to reduce the risk, all aspects of the design, construction, monitoring, inspection, and rehabilitation of earth dams should be examined. Because dam classification is a central element, ways of minimizing uncertainty associated with classification need to be considered. A Bayesian approach to classification has numerous advantages over existing methods of earth dam classification because it directly evaluates the effects of uncertainties. A framework for incorporating Bayesian decision theory into the classification process is presented.     

Acid-forming capacity of lead–zinc mine tailings and its implications for mine rehabilitation

Acid mine drainage problems were experienced in a Pb–Zn mine operation at Lechang, in the northern part of Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. Geochemical and acid generation evaluations were made on fresh tailings including tailings fine, tailings sand and high sulphide tailings, and oxidised tailings with the aim of providing information on mine rehabilitation. All fresh tailings had a pH higher than 7 while the oxidised tailings had a pH of 4.9 (range 1.6 to 7.4). Only samples with pH < 3 had an electrical conductivity (EC) > 4 dS m-1. Total S contents of all tailings samples were very high with the high sulphide fraction having a mean S content of 38%. All fresh tailings had a high acid neutralisation capacity (ANC) while half of the oxidised tailings had an ANC less than zero. The results from the acid–base account and the net acid generation test indicated that all fresh and oxidised tailings samples were acid-forming except for the sand fraction samples. All tailings samples contained high total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn but low concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus. The preliminary results demonstrated that the tailings were all acid-forming especially the high sulphide fraction which should be kept permanently unexposed under impermeable cap or water.     

Complex behaviour of trivalent rare earth elements by humic acids

The complexation behaviours of trivalent rare earth elements (La, Ce, Ho and Yb) by two types of humic acids were investigated under a specified set of conditions. Humic acids show quite different complexation capacities an conditional formation constants with the REEs. Apparently there are two types of binding sites in the functional groups of humic acid, in which the first binding sites have stronger ability than the second. Cerium shows the largest complexation capacities and highest formation constants among the four REEs with two humic acids, this anomaly may be relative to the distribution pattern of the REEs in seawater. The experimental results were comparable to the values of other metals reported and provided the basic data for environmental geochemistry of rare earth elements.