荧光抗辐射菌的构建及其稳定性

将构建的抗辐射菌属-大肠杆菌间的泛用穿梭表达载体pZTGL2导入抗辐射菌Deinococcus grandis,进行了荧光标识抗辐射菌的构建及其在没有抗生素的非选择性培养基中继代培养后的稳定性分析.结果表明,导入泛用穿梭表达载体pZTGL2后的D.grandis具有荧光活性,荧光标识的D.grandis在没有抗生素的培养基中经14 d继代培养后的最佳培养温度及其生长状况等生物学特性与未标识的D.grandis没有明显差异.进一步对荧光标识D.grandis在非选择性培养基中经14 d继代培养后的稳定性进行了调查,结果表明:荧光标识的D.grandis在没有抗生素的培养基中经过14 d的继代培养后的荧光活性与没有经过继代培养的荧光标识的D.grandis无显著差异,而且也没有改变荧光标识的D.grandis对γ-射线的抗性.由以上结果认为:成功构建了荧光标识的抗辐射菌D.grandis,荧光标识的D.grandis在非选择培养基中继代培养后仍能表现出良好的结构稳定性.图4表1参18     

Origin of hydrogen sulfide in coal seams in China

In recent years, coal mines in China have seen accidents caused by sudden release of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), with higher severity. Based on recent local and overseas research on the origin of hydrogen sulfide and the comparative analysis of isotopes, the paper presents three formation models of hydrogen sulfide: bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR), thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR) and igneous activity, as well as the characteristics for identification. This paper analyzes and categorizes the formation models of some hydrogen sulfide in coal seams in China. Some suggestions were put forward for future research of H₂S in coal mines in China.     

Peregrine falcon egg pollutants

The role of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) as a bioindicator for the accumulation of organohalogen compounds and other persistent organic pollutants has been established in field studies. Biometric indices for damage caused by pollutants such as the shell thickness and the shell index were determined and the egg contents were analyzed for various pollutants by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A wide range of chemically activated luciferase expression (CALUX®) bioassays were performed on subsamples of the eggs.

The following organohalogen compounds were found in the eggs of 2009: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane, polychlorobiphenyls and polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans, polybromodiphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenyl A, perfluoro compounds, and mercury. The DDT metabolite, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) (11,800 ng/g dry matter), was found to be the most highly concentrated egg contaminant followed by 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (3800 ng/g). After a past general drop in pollution level, most egg contaminants presently plateau at levels that may still exceed limit values in foods of animal origin (DDE) or even toxicological thresholds (polychlorobiphenyls + polychlorodibenzodioxins, polybromodiphenyl ethers, perfluorooctanesulfonate, methylmercury).

Accumulation of DDE could be shown in peregrine falcon eggs from the uplands of Southwest Germany with elevations up to 1500 m, presumably due to its global distribution and its cold condensation in higher altitudes. In contrast, the concentration of polychlorobiphenyls in falcon eggs decreases with elevation, indicating that these pollutants originate mainly from conurbations and local industrial sites.

Significant negative correlations were found between both shell index and thickness and the concentration of Hg. A deleterious effect is also evident from a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 120 ng MeHg per gram egg determined by other authors in chronic feeding studies with ibises, which resulted in decreased egg productivity and male homosexual nesting and courtship behavior. The average Hg concentration in the peregrine falcon eggs from 2009 is almost four times higher than this level. MeHg accounted for 82.5% of the Hg present in the eggs of 2009 and 2010.

The cell test DR CALUX® for screening of dioxin-like activities can be used to detect not only the 29 regulated dioxin-like substances but also many other persistent organic pollutants with dioxin-like potencies, such as mixed halogenated dioxins/biphenyls. In our case, the results of bioanalytical screening methods showed no additional effect of other compounds with dioxin-like activity.

Ninety-three out of 177 analytes sought could be detected in the eggs. Chlorinated paraffins, organotin compounds, some pesticides that are still in use, and phthalic esters with the exception of traces of diethylhexyl phthalate could be excluded. All pollutants found in the eggs belong to substance classes banned by the Stockholm and Minamata Conventions.     

非寄主植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的驱避与触杀活性

为了评估非寄主植物次生物质对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的驱避与触杀活性,本文用乙醇浸提了11种在华南地区分布广泛的植物获得其乙醇提取物。分析了这11种植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的驱避作用,采用药膜法测定了其对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的触杀作用。结果表明,10 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下,花椒（Zanthoxylum bungeanum）和小茴香（Foeniculum vulgare）提取物对褐飞虱若虫有显著地拒避作用,24 h的拒避率分别为53.3%和43.3%;塞楝（Khaya senegalensis）、胜红蓟（Ageratum conyzoides）、桉树（Eucalyptus exsetrta）和毛麻楝（Chukrasia tabularis）提取物对褐飞虱若虫有显著地引诱作用,24 h着落率分别为75.0%、73.3%、73.3%和71.7%。花椒和小茴香提取物对褐飞虱若虫的拒避作用随着质量浓度的上升而增加,在10~40 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下均对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫有显著地拒避活性,40 mg·mL-1时拒避作用最明显,24 h拒避率分别为66.7%和60.0%。塞楝、胜红蓟、桉树和毛麻楝提取物对褐飞虱若虫的引诱作用均随着质量浓度的上升先增加后降低。塞楝和毛麻楝乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的拒避与引诱活性因其质量浓度的不同而有差异,当质量浓度小时（10 mg·mL1）对褐飞虱若虫有显著地引诱作用;当质量浓度大时（40 mg·mL1）对褐飞虱若虫有显著地拒避作用,24 h后,拒避率分别为50.0%和40.0%。胜红蓟乙醇提取物在5和10 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下对褐飞虱若虫具有显著地引诱作用,24 h后,着落率分别为71.7%和73.3%;桉树乙醇提取物在10和20 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下对褐飞虱若虫具有显著地引诱作用,24 h后,着落率分别为73.3%和71.7%。辣椒（Capsicum annuum）、小茴香、花椒、胜红蓟和鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的触杀活性效果显著,在95.69μg·cm-2的剂量下,24 h校正死亡率达到85%以上,LD50值依次为15.46,25.66,33.61,33.57和37.85μg·cm-2。塞楝和蟛蜞菊（Wedelia chinensis）提取物对褐飞虱若虫也具有较好地触杀活性,在95.69μg·cm-2的剂量下,24 h校正死亡率达到50%以上。研究所选11种不同科属非寄主植物的乙醇提取物在一定质量浓度下,对褐飞虱均会产生不同程度的拒避作用。其中辣椒、小茴香、花椒、胜红蓟和鬼针草5种植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的触杀效果明显。辣椒、小茴香、花椒属于经济作物,本研究表明,这3种作物还具有开发为生物农药的价值。胜红蓟和鬼针草在华南地区分布广泛,易采集,植物资源丰富,具有开发成植物源杀虫剂的巨大潜力。     

1-取代-2-氨基苯并咪唑化合物毒性和热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,在6-31G(d)基组水平上,对8个1-取代-2-氨基苯并咪唑化合物分子进行了全优化计算,得到其轨道能(ENHOMO、ENLUMO以及二者轨道能隙ΔE2)、原子电荷(Q)等量子化学参数,以及热能校正值Eth、恒容热容Cv、熵S等热力学性质,并计算了8种1-取代-2-氨基苯并咪唑化合物分子的电性拓扑状态指数Em。通过最佳变量子集回归建立这些化合物毒性的QSAR模型,以及热力学性质的QSPR模型。模型的相关系数R2和采用逐一剔除法得到的交叉验证相关系数R2cv均大于0.84和0.72,利用2个模型得到毒性的预测值与实验值的误差分别为0.11和0.20,3个热力学性质预测模型的误差分别为3.89%、4.03%和2.64%,吻合度较好,经检验证明所建模型具有良好的鲁棒性和预测能力。研究工作揭示了基团对毒性大小影响的变化规律、有利于对苯并咪唑类化合物在生态环境中的危害性进行评价,可为研发高效、低毒的苯并咪唑类新型药物提供理论依据。     

ZnO纳米颗粒对SBR活性污泥活性的影响

建立了模拟的SBR反应器,并研究了ZnO纳米颗粒(ZnO-NPs)对SBR活性污泥活性的影响.结果表明低浓度(10mg/L)ZnO-NPs对活性污泥活性无明显抑制作用.较高浓度下,ZnO-NPs对活性污泥沉降性能?呼吸速率?EPS和SMP产量及其组成?有机物降解效率等具有明显影响.20,50,100mg/L ZnO-NPs使COD去除率分别降低8.1%, 19.5%和27.7%,使污泥沉降性能分别降低24.2%,35.0%和36.0%,使MLVSS/MLSS比值分别降低8.0%,14.7%和21%,使活性污泥呼吸速率抑制率达到54.0%, 79.0%和80.3%;使EPS产量分别降低29.0%,49.9%和65.4%,使SMP产量分别升高48.9%,102.6%和203.0%.研究表明,较高浓度ZnO-NPs能够抑制污泥代谢,降低活性污泥生物量,显著抑制活性污泥活性.     

碳氟碳氢表面活性剂表面活性及灭火性能

对全氟辛基磺酰基季铵碘化物(FC-203)和十二烷基苯磺酸纳(SDBS)混合溶液的表面张力、起泡能力及其灭火性能进行了试验研究.结果表明,FC-203与SDBS复配对于提高溶液的表面活性具有明显的协同效应,混合溶液只有在同时具备低表面张力和较强起泡能力条件下才表现出较好的灭火性能.对于浓度为5 mmol/L的混合溶液,当FC-203与SDBS的物质的量比为1∶2时,其灭火时间可降低至6.9 s.研究结果对于碳氟碳氢表面活性剂在灭火剂中的应用具有一定的意义.     

香溪河流域富磷区土壤酶活性与无机磷形态相关性研究

陆源氮磷不断向水体输入已经成为水体富营养化的主要诱因。香溪河流域内分布着鄂西著名的磷矿区,该区域丰富的磷对香溪河水质产生严重影响。选取流域内磷矿区为研究对象,旨在探讨磷矿区土壤酶活性与无机磷形态之间的内在关系,进而探求用土壤酶系统表征土壤磷污染程度的可行性。结果表明:土壤酶活性与无机磷形态之间有着密切关系。其中,过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性与无机磷形态呈正相关关系,而多酚氧化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性与无机磷形态呈负相关关系。土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性均与无机磷形态之间呈现出不同程度的相关性,可作为反映磷矿区土壤磷污染状况的指示酶。     

Pseudomonas flava WD-3对人工湿地中土著微生物量及酶活性的影响研究

从山东南四湖人工湿地的底泥中分离驯化出在低温条件下生长速率及代谢速率最高的一株菌,经形态特征、生理生化特性及16S r DNA序列分析鉴定,确定该菌株为黄假单胞菌(Pseudomonas flava),命名为Pseudomonas flava WD-3.同时,探索了在北方冬季条件下,该菌投加到人工湿地中在提高废水处理效率的同时,对湿地中土著可培养微生物类群数量和酶活性的影响.结果表明:随着Pseudomonas flava WD-3投加量的增加,人工湿地中可培养细菌、真菌、放线菌、硝化细菌及反硝化细菌的数量均产生了显著变化(p0.01).与对照组相比,湿地系统中可培养细菌、放线菌、硝化细菌及反硝化细菌数量最大分别增加了1.3、1.9、2.3、1.3倍,而可培养真菌数量最大减少了23.3%.土壤酶活性也随着Pseudomonas flava WD-3投加量的增加而增强,当Pseudomonas flava WD-3为水处理效果最佳投加量(6.00%)时,与对照组相比,过氧化氢酶、脲酶和脱氢酶活性最大增幅分别高达69.2%、41.3%和54.5%,蔗糖酶最大增加了2.3倍.研究表明,Pseudomonas flava WD-3在提高冬季人工湿地污水净化效果的同时,还能促进湿地土著可培养微生物的生长和酶的活性.     

不同结构芳香酸对厌氧颗粒污泥特性与微生物群落的影响

以苯甲酸（BA）、邻苯二甲酸（PA）、连苯三甲酸（HA）、1-萘甲酸（1NA）为研究对象,探究了不同结构芳香酸对厌氧颗粒污泥理化特性与微生物群落的影响.结果表明,在40 d的接触实验中,1NA实验组对溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）的去除率为86.09%,与空白对照组相比降低了7%.4个实验组污泥疏松胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）和紧密胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）中多糖含量分别比对照组高0.30~1.28、0.19~1.03 mg·g^-1,蛋白含量分别提高了0.025~0.326、0.007~0.171 mg·g^-1.在LB-EPS三维荧光（EEM）光谱中,HA和1NA实验组中出现了类腐殖酸物质荧光峰,且辅酶F₄₂₀峰强度有所降低.对于酶活性而言,HA、1NA实验组乙酸激酶相对活性比对照组减少了65.26%、6.93%.通过高通量测序发现,对照组与实验组中的优势菌群均为Proteobacteria、Chloroflexi和Firmicutes.HA与1NA的加入降低了Actinobacteria的相对丰度,提高了Bacteroidetes和Synergistetes的相对丰度.对于古细菌而言,Methanothrix在对照组与实验组中为优势种属,其相对丰度达到49.95%~80.40%;但实验组Methanothrix的相对丰度减少了10.69%~30.45%,且1NA实验组尤为明显;而1NA的加入提高了Methanospirillum的相对丰度,达到34.08%.同时,细菌和古细菌代谢通路预测表明,其主要功能组为代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理和细胞过程,芳香酸使得厌氧颗粒污泥中氨基酸的代谢功能有所增强.