聚醚砜超滤膜接枝聚乙烯醇-氨基酸共聚物的亲水改性研究

基于聚合多巴胺的附着性及易与氨基(—NH2)等基团形成共价键的特性,本实验将聚合多巴胺作为对聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜进行表面改性的接枝中间物,将聚乙烯醇(PVA)-氨基酸共聚物接枝至PES膜表面,从而提高PES超滤膜的亲水性能.实验通过PVA与氨基酸的酯化反应形成PVA-氨基酸共聚物,将带有—NH2的共聚物与PES超滤膜表面的聚合多巴胺涂覆层形成共价键,从而将亲水的PVA-氨基酸共聚物接枝到疏水的超滤膜表面.实验利用通量的变化、红外光谱(FTIR)分析、表面接触角、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)等手段来表征膜特征参数的变化,同时也考察了改性膜对油水乳化液的分离效率和抗污染能力.试验结果表明,经过PVA-氨基酸共聚物接枝改性的膜表面的亲水性有一定的提高,原膜接触角为91°,涂覆和接枝改性后的膜表面接触角分别为71°和53°,油水乳化液的分离实验显示,改性后的膜通量和清洗恢复率均有明显提高.     

不同离子对黑土胶体在土壤中运移的影响

黑土样品采自于黑龙江海伦市,提取胶体并对其主要理化性质进行定性定量表征,通过淋滤实验研究胶体在土柱中的运移特征以及不同离子及其强度对胶体运移的影响。结果显示:所提取胶体粒径与理论计算基本吻合,粒径主要分布在2~5μm;当pH由4上升到9时,胶体的zeta电位则由-26.43mV降低到-34.52mV;红外光谱显示胶体颗粒的有机机团主要为-OH、CH-、C=O、多糖;X射线衍射表明其主要矿物组成是石英(56.9%)。不同离子及其强度对胶体的在土壤中的运移有较为明显的影响,当pH由4增加到9时,k值由6.020×10-4降低至3.858×10-4,Ca2+、K+、Na+当离子强度由0.5mmol/L变化到0.001mmol/L时,k值分别由6.087×10-4降低至4.024×10-4、5.518×10-4降低至3.818×10-4、5.401×10-4降低至4.109×10-4。     

低强度超声波强化SMBR处理中的超声波参数优化研究

研究了利用低强度超声波强化低温一体式膜生物反应器（SMBR）污水生物处理中最优超声波参数的选择。结果表明,功率密度为0.27 W/L、辐照时间为20 min时,超声波对低温SMBR中COD去除的强化效果最佳。SMBR对NH3-N去除效果达到最佳时,超声波功率密度和辐照时间分别为0.27 W/L和15 min。综合考虑,选择更有利于低温时NH3-N去除的超声波参数：功率密度0.27 W/L、辐照时间15 min。经此超声波处理后COD、NH3-N的强化效果在24 h均能保持,故可设置超声波处理的时间间隔为24 h。     

乌江中上游段河水主要离子化学特征及控制因素

开展人类活动影响下乌江中上游段河流水化学特征研究,有助于流域地表水资源有效开发利用和保护.本文采用主成分分析法对乌江中上游段的六冲河、三岔河、猫跳河、清水河的主要离子化学特征及控制因素进行了定量评价.结果表明,乌江上游段4条河流优势阳离子均为Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+),两者占全部阳离子的70%以上,阴离子以HCO~-_3、SO~(2-)_4为主,两者占总阴离子的85%以上.与乌江1999年水化学数据相比,本次样品的阴阳离子浓度出现了明显增加,主要表现在NO~-_3、SO~(2-)_4等受人为活动影响显著的离子方面.受流域碳酸盐岩地层的控制,4条河流水化学类型以HCO_3~-Ca为主,少部分样点为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型,反映出部分样点可能受到人类源的SO~(2-)_4影响.河水中Na~+、K~+、Cl~-主要来源于大气输入,Ca~(2+)、HCO~-_3、Mg~(2+)主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解;NO~-_3和SO~(2-)_4主要来源于人为活动.主成分分析法和相关分析得出:六冲河、三岔河、清水河上游水化学成分主要受大气降水及碳酸盐岩的溶解因子的控制,向下游受人为活动因子影响均增强;猫跳河上游、下游水化学组成主要受大气降水及碳酸盐岩的溶解控制,而中游湖泊受人为活动影响明显.清水河支流南明河中下游水化学组成主要受人为活动因子控制.     

复合催化膜生物反应器处理一氧化氮废气研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法以聚砜(PSF)中空纤维膜为载体制备了Fe-Ti O_2/PSF复合催化膜,以此构建新型复合催化膜生物反应器(HCMBR),实现膜催化与硝化反硝化耦合烟气脱硝,进一步提高NO去除能力.采用Fe-Ti O_2/PSF复合催化膜生物反应器(HCMBR)处理一氧化氮废气,实现了180 d长时间高效稳定运行,NO去除效率可达93.2%,去除能力可达167.1g·(m~3·h)~(-1).适宜运行条件为:气体停留时间9 s、自然光光照强度670 lx,p H为6.8~7.2,n C/n N=3.7.Fe-Ti O_2/PSF复合催化膜加入,复合催化膜生物反应器去除NO的效率比膜生物反应器提高了1.4%~13%,在Fe-Ti O_2/PSF复合催化膜附着稳定的生物膜后,复合催化膜生物反应器去除NO的效率比湿式膜催化反应器提高了59.5%~66%.     

表面活性剂辅助离子液体预处理稻秆的酶解动力学与结构变化分析

以稻秆为原料进行酶解研究,考察了纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶单独作用及协同作用对稻秆酶解还原糖产量的影响,以确定最佳酶体系,并研究在最佳酶体系中不同种类表面活性剂辅助离子液体对稻秆酶解的影响和动力学特征,最后通过稻秆成分分析、FTIR、XRD、SEM对预处理前后的稻秆结构、结晶性进行了分析比较.结果表明,纤维素酶与β-葡萄糖苷酶具有协同作用,而且在最佳酶体系中,与未处理稻秆及单独离子液体预处理相比,不同种类表面活性剂辅助离子液体预处理的稻秆在酶水解48 h时纤维转化率分别增加40%~85%、10%~31%,并且预处理对反应速率的提高有促进作用.     

膜污染层微生物与聚丙烯微滤膜间的界面作用及其吸附特征

采用热力学方法及界面吸附理论,对2株膜污染层微生物(Aeromonas veronii M4、Aeromonas caviae N25)与聚丙烯(PP)微滤膜间的界面作用及吸附特征进行研究.结果表明,Aeromonas veronii M4与PP膜表面均表现出明显的疏水性特征,而Aeromonas caviae N25则呈现亲水性特征,并且A.veronii M4的运动性能也要高于A.caviae N25;另外,2株细菌及PP膜的表面均带有负电荷,表现出明显的电子供体特征,而Lewis酸碱分量U_(mlb)~(AB)则在2株细菌与PP膜的界面作用能中占据着主导地位;依据XDLVO理论,A.caviae N25及A.veronii M4与PP膜之间的总界面作用能均为负值,表明二者在膜上的吸附是一个主动吸附过程,而A.veronii M4-PP膜之间的界面作用能负值最大,说明A.veronii M4具有较高的吸附能力;静态吸附结果则表明,A.veronii M4在PP膜上的吸附量要明显高于A.caviae N25,而2株菌在膜上的吸附行为可由准二级动力学模型进行描述.     

反渗透膜面细菌胞外多聚物提取方法研究

城市污水脱盐系统的反渗透(RO)膜面生物污堵问题严重影响了该技术的稳定运行,解析生物污堵机理的关键因素是微生物胞外多聚物(EPS)特征分析,然而目前细菌EPS提取方法多样,无统一标准,制约了EPS分析的可靠性和可对比性.基于此,本文以再生水厂RO膜面污堵物中分离的细菌为对象,采用水浴、超声、离子树脂、碱液4种方法提取EPS,以DOC和DNA含量表征提取的EPS总量和提取过程细胞破裂程度.结果表明,45℃水浴法不造成细胞破裂,提取总量多,是一种有效的提取方法.进一步对比不同提取时间条件下EPS溶液中多糖和蛋白含量变化,以及分子量、荧光特征等,综合认为提取1 h时,提取的EPS中多糖与蛋白相对含量稳定,不同分子量化合物均溶于水中,能客观地反映EPS特征.研究表明,45℃水浴1 h可以作为细菌EPS提取的适用方法应用.     

Determination of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residues in fruits,vegetables and sediments

Abstract

A method is described for the determination of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables and sediments. The concentrated solvent extract was sealed in a polymeric membrane tube, dialysed in cyclohexane and the solvent replaced with hexane. The organophosphates were analysed on a specific thermionic detector without further clean‐up. For the organochlorine pesticides the extract was eluted through 3 g of alumina and analysed on GC/ECD. The clean‐up for sediment extract was carried out on a10 g alumina column with 100 mL hexane containing 5% acetone and the eluate was concentrated to 5 mL.

The detection limit for organophosphates on a 40 g sample and a final volume of 10 mL was on the average 0.01 mg/kg. The detection limit for organochlorine pesticides, with the final volume of 25 mL, was 0.005 mg/kg for all pesticides except for p,p'‐DDT and endosulfan sulphate, which was 0.01 mg/kg.

The detection limit for oganochlorine pesticides in sediment, with the final volume of 2 mL, was less than 1 μg/kg and for organophosphate pesticides less than 10 μg/kg when the final volume was made to 0.5 mL. At the detection limits the method produced a very high coefficient of variation for both organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides.     

Ionic dye adsorption by zinc oxide nanoparticles

The adsorption behaviour of Basic Red 12, Acid Orange 7 and Acid Blue 1 on zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) has been investigated to understand the physicochemical process involved and to explore the possible use of nanoparticles in the treatment and management of textile waste matter. The dye removal capacity of ZNP towards Basic Red 12, Acid Orange 7 and Acid Blue 1 was found to be 15.64, 6.78 and 6.38 mg g^?1, respectively. The adsorption process was pH dependent and optimum pH values of 9.0, 2.0 and 4.0 were obtained for Basic Red 12, Acid Orange 7 and Acid Blue 1, respectively. Equilibrium was established after 1.0 h for all dyes. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were applied to the system. The adsorbent ZNP was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. SEM analysis revealed the noticeable nanoporous morphology of the material. The results of FTIR spectroscopy showed that the process is driven by an electrostatic complexation mechanism. XRD studies revealed the nanocrystalline structure of ZNP. BET surface area measurement suggested a high pore volume and large surface area for the adsorbent. The kinetic measurements suggested pseudo-second-order kinetic processes with high regression coefficients and smaller standard error of estimate values and lower residual sum of squares. The thermodynamic measurements suggested that all processes were exothermic and accompanied by negative values for Δ G⁰, Δ S⁰ and Δ H⁰.