咪唑型离子液体对小鼠的急性毒性

采用寇氏改良法研究了咪唑型离子液体对小鼠的急性毒性,并考察了烷基侧链长度对其毒性的影响,同时采用HE染色法观察了其对小鼠肝脏的毒性.结果表明,4种咪唑型离子液体([C10mim]Br、[C12mim]Br、[C14mim]Br和[C18mim]Br)对小鼠肝脏均有损伤,其LD50值在98.91～220.16 mg·kg...     

利用PCR-DGGE溯源典型农村塘坝饮用水中的污染

以华南地区典型农村塘坝饮用水为研究对象,采用基于大肠杆菌的两种特异性基因(β-D-葡萄糖苷酶编码基因uidA和膜外周磷通道蛋白编码基因phoE)的群体差异分析(PCR-DGGE),对饮用水中的污染情况进行了溯源研究.结果表明,采用富集培养的混合菌体DNA作为模板扩增大肠杆菌特异性基因更加实用.uidA和phoE的引物均...     

Environmental and economic assessment of a greenhouse waste heat exchange

As the economic costs of energy and the negative externalities associated with the combustion of fossil fuels threaten the economic viability of greenhouses in northern climates there is a renewed interest in the use of waste heat. This paper presents a technical and economic methodology to determine the viability of establishing waste heat greenhouses using the waste heat from industrial processes in northern climates. A case study is presented of an exchange between a tomato greenhouse and a flat glass manufacturing plant, which found the waste heat system is significantly more economic to operate than a purely natural gas system.     

Chemical cleaning of fouled PVC membrane during ultrafiltration of algal-rich water

Cleaning of hollow-fibre polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane with di erent chemical reagents after ultrafiltration of algal-rich water was investigated. Among the tested cleaning reagents (NaOH, HCl, EDTA, and NaClO), 100 mg/L NaClO exhibited the best performance (88.4% 1.1%) in removing the irreversible fouling resistance. This might be attributed to the fact that NaClO could eliminate almost all the major foulants such as carbohydrate-like and protein-like materials on the membrane surface, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. However, negligible irreversible resistance (1.5% 1.0%) was obtained when the membrane was cleaning by 500 mg/L NaOH for 1.0 hr, although the NaOH solution could also desorb a portion of the major foulants from the fouled PVC membrane. Scanning electronic microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses demonstrated that 500 mg/L NaOH could change the structure of the residual foulants on the membrane, making them more tightly attached to the membrane surface. This phenomenon might be responsible for the negligible membrane permeability restoration after NaOH cleaning. On the other hand, the microscopic analyses reflected that NaClO could e ectively remove the foulants accumulated on the membrane surface.     

膜接触器在环境治理中的应用研究进展

膜接触器是将膜分离和传统化工单元操作有机结合而成的一种新型高效分离器,可不通过两相的直接接触而实现相间传质.继21世纪初首个工业化实例成功以来,在废水中芳香族化合物脱除、重金属选择吸收、废气中氨、CO2、H2S去除等多个领域的环境治理中,膜接触器技术的研究与应用日益重要.在此基础上,文章对膜蒸馏、膜吸收、膜萃取和膜填料...     

Catalytic bubble-free hydrogenation reduction of azo dye by porous membranes loaded with palladium nanoparticles

Catalytic bubble-free hydrogenation reduction of azo dye by porous membranes loaded with palladium （Pd） nanoparticles was studied for the first time. The effects of Pd loading, dye concentration and reuse repetitions of membranes were investigated. In reduction, the dye concentration decreased whereas the pH rose gradually. An optimal Pd loading was found. The catalytic membranes were able to be reused more than 3 times.     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

冬季低温下MBR与CAS工艺运行及微生物群落特征

研究了在冬季低温条件下,膜生物反应器(MBR)与传统活性污泥法(CAS)工艺运行效果及微生物群落特征的差异,对工艺出水水质和微生物活性进行了分析,并借助454焦磷酸高通量测序法对微生物群落组成和结构进行了解析.结果表明,三套对比工艺(MBR两套:高污泥浓度R1和低污泥浓度R2,CAS工艺R3)的出水总氮平均去除率分别为85.2%、56.1%、58.8%;NH+4-N的平均去除率分别为99.7%、99.7%、59.7%,比硝化速率由大到小依次为R2、R1、R3,比反硝化速率由大到小依次为R3、R1、R2,高浓度MBR污泥具有较好的耐寒特性和氨氮去除效果;从454焦磷酸测序结果看,相似性为97%时,菌群丰富度:R2>R3>R1,多样性:R2>R1>R3;MBR污泥微生物菌群的组成和丰度与CAS系统有较大不同;R1、R2、R3中主要的硝化菌为Nitrospira菌属,总相对度依次为:1.22%、1.64%、0.15%,主要的反硝化菌为Zoogloea菌属、Thauera菌属、Comamonadaceae菌属及Comamonas菌属,总相对丰度依次为:5.8%、4.52%、15.21%;低温环境下,泥龄长、污泥浓度高、TN负荷低的MBR系统有利于硝化、反硝化细菌累积,提升生物脱氮效果.     

曝气膜生物反应器运行过程中污泥活性特征变化及其对膜污染的影响

研究了曝气膜生物反应器运行过程中活性污泥主要活性特征变化及其对膜污染的影响.通过排出剩余污泥的办法维持活性污泥浓度在4000 mg·L-1左右,并连续运行75 d.运行期间,每日检测活性污泥的各项性质指标便于反映污泥特性的变化.结果表明,随着反应器运行时间的延长,污泥脱氢酶活性逐渐增加,其对反应器的运行有着两方面的作用,一方面会强化微生物对污染物的去除,但另一方面则导致了胞外聚合物的增加,并加速膜污染.而污泥表观产率则随着运行时间的延长先增加后有所减少,其粒径逐渐减小,且胞外聚合物呈现增加的趋势,总的出水水质情况逐渐提高,与此同时,反应器内原生动物及后生动物在运行前期较少,而在后期大量出现.膜污染分析结果表明运行后期膜污染速度明显加快,其原因在于:污泥粒径的减小以及胞外聚合物的增加导致细小颗粒及胞外聚合物堵塞或在膜表面沉积数量增加.     

春、夏季长江口及其邻近海域溶解N2O的分布和海-气交换通量

分别于2012年3月和7月对长江口及其邻近海域进行了调查,对水体中溶解氧化亚氮(N2O)的分布及海-气交换通量进行了研究.结果表明,春季长江口及其邻近海域表层海水中溶解N2O浓度范围为9.34~49.08 nmol·L-1,平均值为(13.27±6.40)nmol·L-1.夏季表层溶解N2O浓度范围为7.27~27.81 nmol·L-1、平均值为(10.62±5.03)nmol·L-1.两航次表、底层海水中溶解N2O浓度相差不大.长江口溶解N2O浓度由近岸向外海逐渐降低,受陆源输入影响显著.溶解N2O浓度高值出现在长江口最大浑浊带附近,这主要是由于水体中较高的硝化速率造成的.温度是影响N2O分布的另一个重要因素,对溶解N2O浓度有双重作用.春季和夏季表层海水中N2O饱和度范围分别为86.9%~351.3%和111.7%~396.0%,平均值分别为(111.5±41.4)%和(155.9±68.4)%,大部分站位处于过饱和状态.利用LM86、W92和RC01公式分别计算了长江口及其邻近海域N2O的海-气交换通量,春季分别为(3.2±10.9)、(5.5±19.3)和(12.2±52.3)μmol·(m2·d)-1,夏季分别为(7.3±12.4)、(12.7±20.4)和(20.4±35.9)μmol·(m2·d)-1,初步估算出长江口及其邻近海域的年平均释放量分别为0.6×10-2Tg·a-1(LM86)、1.1×10-2Tg·a-1(W92)、2.0×10-2Tg·a-1(RC01).长江口及其邻近海域虽然只占全球海洋总面积的0.02%,但其释放的N2O占全球海洋释放量的0.06%,表明长江口及其邻近海域是产生和释放N2O的活跃区域.