陶瓷膜处理啤酒洗瓶废碱液的膜污染和清洗再生

研究了陶瓷膜过滤啤酒洗瓶废碱液膜污染机理,提出了相应的清洗再生方案。对比研究了硝酸、盐酸、次氯酸钠、三聚磷酸钠4种清洗剂单独使用和复合使用的清洗再生效果。试验表明:0.20%硝酸+0.55%次氯酸钠+0.15%三聚磷酸钠复合清洗再生陶瓷膜,膜通量恢复率在85%以上。陶瓷膜连续运行两个月,清洗再生效果稳定,具有工程实用价值。     

煤气湿式电除尘器洗涤水循环利用的研究

采用化学混凝、絮凝以及离子交换软化的方法处理钢厂煤气湿式电除尘器(ESP)洗涤废水,设计出小型、高效的废水处理及回用系统。以废水的SS、总硬度、总碱度为主要因子,在浓度分别为350,365,315 mg/L的条件下,经过两个主要单元的处理后,浓度可达7,75,70 mg/L,达到回用标准,降低了运行成本,环境效益显著。     

咪唑氯盐离子液体对蚯蚓急性毒性及体重影响研究

采用OECD标准滤纸接触法和人工土壤法,研究了3种离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Hmim]Cl)、1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Omim]Cl)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性致死作用,并测定亚慢性暴露试验下蚯蚓的体重变化.滤纸接触法测得[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓24 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为109.60、50.38、7.94μg.cm-2;48 h的LC50分别为98.52、39.14、3.61μg.cm-2.人工土壤法得到[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓7 d的LC50分别为447.78、245.56、180.51 mg.kg-1,14 d的LC50分别288.42、179.75、150.35 mg.kg-1.蚯蚓在3种离子液体作用下表现出不同的中毒症状.3种离子液体对蚯蚓的生长表现出不同程度的抑制作用,体重随着浓度增加而下降.离子液体对蚯蚓毒性随着碳链长度的增加而增大.     

雌酮(E1)在土壤中的吸附特性

研究了平衡时间、温度、pH、离子强度和土壤粒径对E1(雌酮)在土壤中吸附特性的影响. 结果表明:E1在土壤中的等温吸附平衡时间约为0.5h;在温度为10、20和30℃条件下,土壤对E1的K_f(吸附系数)分别为24.72、14.18和9.39,K_d(分配系数)分别为34.79、24.15和13.51,表明随着温度的升高,土壤对E1的吸附量显著降低;土壤对E1的吸附量在pH由3.0增至6.0时呈降低趋势,在pH>6.0～9.0时保持稳定,然后随着pH进一步升高(>9.0～11.0)而继续降低;土壤对E1的吸附量在离子强度由0.005mol/L升至0.1mol/L时显著升高,在离子强度>0.1mol/L时保持稳定;砂粒、粉粒和黏粒对E1的K_f分别为5.17、12.79和25.22,K_d分别为6.80、16.11和39.95,即随着土壤粒径的减小,对于E1的吸附作用显著增加.      

MFC-MBR耦合系统中SMP与EPS特性的研究

将膜生物反应器与以剩余污泥为底物的微生物燃料电池结合建立了能够有效控制膜污染的MFC-MBR耦合系统,以传统MBR作为对照研究了MFC-MBR耦合系统内泥水混合液的溶解性微生物产物(SMP)与胞外聚合物(EPS)浓度、分子量分布及荧光特性的变化情况.结果表明与传统MBR相比耦合系统中SMP与TB-EPS浓度分别升高了8.5%与9.2%,而LB-EPS浓度则降低了47.9%,并且LB-EPS中芳香性蛋白质与腐植酸的浓度也显著降低.同时还考察了传统MBR与MFC-MBR耦合系统中膜污染情况,结果发现,在传统MBR中TMP达到30KPa所需时间为38d,而MFC-MBR耦合系统则为55d.说明MFC污泥回流能够有效减缓膜污染的发生.     

持续性降水气象条件下土壤/大气间汞通量特征

为研究自然条件下地表大气间汞交换通量特征及其影响因素,2012年4月22~25日在位于松花江上游的夹皮沟金矿,使用动态通量箱法(dynamic flux chamber, DFC)与汞分析仪(LUMEX Zeeman RA915+)联用技术测定了在持续性降雨气象条件控制下矿区土壤大气间汞交换通量,同步测定了近地面垂向0~150cm范围内大气汞浓度以及太阳辐射强度和大气温湿度,并分析了汞交换通量与降水条件下气象因子间相关关系.结果表明:在持续性降雨条件控制下,地表大气间的汞交换通量表现为沉降与释放过程连续交替出现特征,这与晴朗天气条件下日型汞通量单峰结构明显不同.降水间歇期土壤大气间汞交换通量在坡耕农田采样点依次为(-2.08±6.11)、(-6.16±33.57)、(-3.20±8.64)和(5.06±18.80)ng/(m2·h);在谷底漫滩采样点依次为(-5.21±6.42)、(3.87±28.12)、(-11.87±14.10)和(-9.44±12.23)ng/(m2·h).在局地范围内,地形条件差异影响不同地表和近地面大气系统能量收支,并使近地面大气汞浓度和气象因子发生变化,进而影响地表大气间汞交换通量过程和水平.持续性降水条件下,地表和大气间汞交换通量与太阳辐射强度和大气湿度间具有较为明显的正线性相关关系,与大气汞浓度和大气温度间无明显线性相关关系.     

Gas separation using porous cement membrane

Gas separation is a key issue in various industrial fields. Hydrogen has the potential for application in clean fuel technologies. Therefore, the separation and purification of hydrogen is an important research subject. CO2 capture and storage have important roles in ＂green chemistry＂. As an effective clean technology, gas separation using inorganic membranes has attracted much attention in the last several decades. Membrane processes have many applications in the field of gas separation. Cement is one type of inorganic material, with the advantages of a lower cost and a longer lifespan. An experimental setup has been created and improved to measure twenty different cement membranes. The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of gas molecule properties on the material transport and to explore the influence of operating conditions and membrane composition on separation efficiency. The influences of the above parameters are determined, the best conditions and membrane type are found, it is shown that cementitious material has the ability to separate gas mixtures, and the gas transport mechanism is studied.     

Effect of ozone on the performance of a hybrid ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon process

Two hybrid processes including ozonation-ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon （BAC） （Process A） and ceramic membrane-BAC （Process B） were compared to treat polluted raw water. The performance of hybrid processes was evaluated with the removal efficiencies of turbidity, ammonia and organic matter. The results indicated that more than 99% of particle count was removed by both hybrid processes and ozonation had no significant effect on its removal. BAC filtration greatly improved the removal of ammonia. Increasing the dissolved oxygen to 30.0 mg/L could lead to a removal of ammonia with concentrations as high as 7.80 mg/L and 8.69 mg/L for Processes A and B, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of total organic carbon and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm （UV254, a parameter indicating organic matter with aromatic structure） were 49% and 52% for Process A, 51% and 48% for Process B, respectively. Some organic matter was oxidized by ozone and this resulted in reduced membrane fouling and increased membrane flux by 25%-30%. However, pre-ozonation altered the components of the raw water and affected the microorganisms in the BAC, which may impact the removals of organic matter and nitrite negatively.     

Simultaneous removal of dissolved organic matter and bromide from drinking water source by anion exchange resins for controlling disinfection by-products

Anion exchange resins （AERs） with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter （DOM） and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product （DBP） formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin （MIEX） showed faster dissolved organic carbon （DOC） removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency, MIEX showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 rain, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water.     

Anoxic gas recirculation system for fouling control in anoxic membrane reactor

Anoxic gas recirculation system was applied to control the membrane fouling in pilot-scale 4-stage anoxic membrane bioreactor(MBR). In the anaerobic-anoxic-anoxic-aerobic flow scheme,hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) membrane(0.2 μm, 7.2 m2/module) was submerged in the second anoxic zone. During 8 months operation, the average flux of the membrane was 21.3L/(m2·hr). Chemical cleaning of the membrane was conducted only once with sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration in the second anoxic zone was maintained with an average of 0.19 ± 0.05 mg/L. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the headspace gas in the second anoxic reactor was mainly consisted of N2(93.0% ± 2.5%), O2(3.8% ± 0.6%), and CO2(3.0% ± 0.5%), where the saturation DO concentration in liquid phase was 1.57 mg/L. Atmospheric O2 content(20.5% ± 0.8%) was significantly reduced in the anoxic gas. The average pH in the reactor was 7.2 ± 0.4. As a result, the recirculation of the anoxic gas was successfully applied to control the membrane fouling in the anoxic MBR.