Process hazard assessment of energetic ionic liquid with kinetic evaluation and thermal equilibrium

With the continuous development of battery technology, there are new research investments in materials of various parts. In the field of electrolytes, ionic liquids (IL) are considered to be excellent electrolytes and have been widely studied in distinct energy fields. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the safety characteristics of ionic liquids at high temperature due to the application of energy, but there is little research on the reaction and kinetics of ionic liquids. To ensure the safety of ionic liquids, such as high temperature, the common ionic liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([Emim] NO₃) was selected for analysis. The exothermic mode is obtained from the data of differential scanning calorimetry. The basic reaction parameters of [Emim] NO₃ were determined with thermodynamic equation simulation. For ionic liquids in the actual situation, consider adding a heat balance model to estimate its temperature change pattern and find out the hazard temperature and related safety parameters. Temperature changes were estimated by constructing 25.0 g and 50.0 g packages to simulate material reactions and heat transfer in the external environment. The results showed that [Emim] NO₃ had shorter TMR_ad and TCL (<1 day) when the temperature was above 180 °C.     

不同环境因子对纳米羟基磷灰石在饱和填充柱中迁移规律的影响

选用石英砂填充柱模拟土壤体系,通过测量纳米羟基磷灰石（Nano-HAP）ζ电位、出流比等来考察不同环境因素（腐殖酸浓度、pH和离子强度）对其在饱和石英砂柱中迁移规律的影响.结果表明,随着腐殖酸浓度的增加,Nano-HAP胶体的ζ电位相应增加（绝对值增加）,吸附效率（α）相应降低,当溶液中腐殖酸浓度由0增加为10 mg/...     

离子强度对蒙脱石胶体在饱和多孔介质中运移与释放的影响

胶体在介质中的沉积和释放过程直接影响污染物的迁移和固定能力,本文以蒙脱石胶体作为主要实验材料,通过室内模拟实验,研究了不同离子强度条件下,蒙脱石胶体在多孔介质中的迁移和释放规律.结果表明:溶液离子强度的变化,会强烈影响蒙脱石胶体的运移及释放过程,随着溶液离子强度的增加,胶体在多孔介质中的沉积量增大,而当降低溶液的离子强度,又会使沉积在多孔介质中的胶体得以释放,并且离子强度改变次数越多,胶体的释放总量越大.     

Flammability hazard analysis of imidazolium-based ionic liquid binary mixtures under high temperatures

Ionic liquid (IL) mixtures are promising because they can optimize the involved properties according to industrial needs. It has already been demonstrated that IL flammability is due mainly to IL decomposition generating flammable substances. Four different ILs, 1-Butylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BIM][BF₄]), 1-butylimidazolium nitrate ([BIM][NO₃]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate([BMIM][BF₄]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([BMIM][NO₃]), were selected as the parent salts to form the different imidazolium-based IL binary mixtures. These mixtures were tested via isothermal thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at different temperatures (120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 °C), then tested by the flash point analyzer after isothermal heating pretreatment at the above temperatures. Results show that the mixtures' flash point values decrease with the heating temperature increase. Vaporization of the IL mixtures’ decomposition products results in a higher concentration of flammable gases and a flash point decrease, which lead to the flammability hazard increasing. Moreover, results show that the flash points of the studied binary imidazolium IL mixtures are more similar to those of the more unstable IL in their parent ILs. Also, the flammability hazard of IL binary mixtures may obviously increase under the high temperature environment for a long time.     

硅胶固载胍盐离子液体脱硫材料的制备及其SO2吸附性能

采用一步法分别合成了1,1,3,3-四甲基胍辛二酸盐离子液体([TMG][SUB])和1,1,3,3-四甲基胍聚乙二醇二羧酸盐离子液体([TMG][PBE]),并采用浸渍法将其分别固载到硅胶上,制备了2种硅胶固载胍盐离子液体脱硫材料(固载材料)。对离子液体和固载材料进行了表征,并考察了固载材料对SO2的吸附性能和再生性能。实验结果表明:固载材料对SO2的吸附发挥了离子液体和硅胶的协同作用,离子液体结构中的醚基基团可促进固载材料对SO2的吸附;在固载比为0.2∶1时,所制备的固载材料[TMG][PBE]-SiO2的SO2饱和吸附量为1.22 g/g(以离子液体计,下同),[TMG][SUB]-SiO2的SO2饱和吸附量为1.01 g/g,均大于纯离子液体,且[TMG][PBE]-SiO2的再生性能更好。     

新型热电厂烟气脱硫剂的制备及中试试验

采用乙醇胺、乳酸及乙醇合成了乙醇胺乳酸盐,并将其与水复配制得含水量为15%的乙醇胺乳酸盐离子液体脱硫剂(ELIL脱硫剂),探讨了中试脱硫试验过程中脱硫剂的SO_2吸收性能及重复使用性能。试验结果表明:在长达72 h的吸收过程中,该脱硫剂的硫容(以SO_2计)与吸收时间呈一次函数关系;在硫容达到3.0%左右时,ELIL脱硫剂的黏度达到最大值;以w(SO_2)为0.69%的模拟烟道气连续中试运转72 h,尾气中的SO_2质量浓度远小于50 mg/cm~3,达到GB 13271—2014《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》的要求;使用5次后,ELIL脱硫剂的饱和硫容基本稳定在4.6%,重复使用性良好;随着重复使用次数的增加,SO_4~(2-)积累量逐次增加,可通过加入Ca(OH)_2除去SO_4~(2-),提高ELIL脱硫剂的脱硫性能。     

温度和离子强度对SDBS增溶菲的影响及机理

研究了不同温度(15,20,25,30,35和50℃)和离子强度(0.03,0.15和0.30 mol·l-1)对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)增溶菲的影响,并探讨了其增溶热力学,结果表明, SDBS对菲的增溶量随温度的升高而增大,而增溶能力(Kmn,Kmc)减小,主要是由菲在水中溶解度增大所致;离子强度增大,SDBS的临界胶束浓度(CMC)降低、胶团变大和菲的溶解度减小,导致SDBS对菲的增溶量和增溶能力增大.菲在SDBS单体/水和胶束/水的表观分配焓变分别为-21.08kJ·mol-1和-16.54 kJ·mol-1,因此,升高温度不利于菲在SDBS单体和胶束中的分配作用;菲在水、SDBS单体和胶束中的表观熔解热分别为35.16 kJ·mol-1,14.08 kJ·mol-1和18.62 kJ·mol-1,故温度升高菲在水、SDBS单体和胶束中的溶解量增大.     

Effects of cadium, zinc and lead on soil enzyme activities

Heavy metal （HM） is a major hazard to the soil-plant system. This study investigated the combined effects of cadium （Cd）, zinc （Zn） and lead （Pb） on activities of four enzymes in soil, including calatase, urease, invertase and alkalin phosphatase. HM content in tops of canola and four enzymes activities in soil were analyzed at two months after the metal additions to the soil. Pb was not significantly inhibitory than the other heavy metals for the four enzyme activities and was shown to have a protective role on calatase activity in the combined presence of Cd, Zn and Pb; whereas Cd significantly inhibited the four enzyme activities, and Zn only inhibited urease and calatase activities. The inhibiting effect of Cd and Zn on urease and calatase activities can be intensified significantly by the additions of Zn and Cd. There was a negative synergistic inhibitory effect of Cd and Zn on the two enzymes in the presence of Cd, Zn and Pb. The urease activity was inhibited more by the HM combinations than by the metals alone and reduced approximately 20%--40% of urease activity. The intertase and alkaline phosphatase activities significantly decreased only with the increase of Cd concentration in the soil. It was shown that urease was much more sensitive to HM than the other enzymes. There was a obvious negative correlation between the ionic impulsion of HM in soil, the ionic impulsion of HM in canola plants tops and urease activity. It is concluded that the soil urease activity may be a sensitive tool for assessing additive toxic combination effect on soil biochemical parameters.     

湿法脱硫烟气中多形态颗粒物的测量方法及组分特征

为全面测量固定源湿法脱硫烟气中多形态颗粒物的排放浓度及其离子组成特征,提出了一种基于一级冷凝、二级过滤和一级冲击吸收的多形态烟气颗粒物的同步测量方法,外场实测了3种湿法脱硫和除尘工艺的排放水平。现场测试表明：简易湿法除尘脱硫（NaOH法）一体化装置烟气中可过滤颗粒物（FPM）浓度为（36±11）mg/m³,可逃逸颗粒物（EPM）浓度为（33±7）mg/m³;氧化镁法+布袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度为（14±5）mg/m³,EPM浓度为（13±6）mg/m³;石灰石-石膏脱硫+电袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度低,小于3 mg/m³,EPM浓度为（6±1）mg/m³;烟气中EPM是传统滤膜法检测FPM浓度的0.7~5.7倍,EPM的主要存在形态为冷凝液中的可溶解颗粒物（DPM）,颗粒物的组分与脱硫方法密切相关,各形态颗粒物的主要组分是SO₄^2-、SO₃^2-、NO₃^-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺等离子。     

表面活性剂对中性氧化铝吸附甲基对硫磷的影响

分别应用离子型表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)改性中性氧化铝对甲基对硫磷这种疏水性环境污染物进行吸附性能研究.结果表明,中性氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附行为与表面活性剂的种类和浓度及环境中pH值有关.原中性氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附能力较小,加入阴离子表面活性剂及调节pH值后其吸附能力增强.氧化铝对3种离子型表面活性剂的吸附性能有所不同,在中性条件下,对SDS的吸附量最大,对CTMAB的吸附量最小;当介质pH为4时,氧化铝对SDS或SDBS的吸附量都有所增大,对CTMAB的吸附量则下降.甲基对硫磷和阴离子表面活性剂同时存在于溶液中时,产生协同效应,使氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附能力有所提高.而阳离子表面活性剂存在下,氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附能力则逐渐下降.