氢氧化镁对水溶性阴离子染料废水脱色的研究

本文研究了氢氧化镁对水溶性阴离子染料模拟废水的脱色规律及机理。结果表明镁盐法具有优异的脱色效果。例如,染料浓度１００ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１,镁盐投加量１０００ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１用ＣａＯ调至ＰＨ１０．９－１１．５十种被研究的水溶性阴离子染料的脱色平均值在９９％以上。吸附机理属于离子吸附。     

离子强度对粘土和改性粘土絮凝去除水华铜绿微囊藻的影响

研究了水体的离子强度对粘土和壳聚糖改性粘土絮凝去除铜绿微囊藻的影响 .离子强度的增加有利于粘土对藻类的絮凝去除 .与一般粘土除藻相反 ,壳聚糖改性粘土却在离子强度低的条件下具有更好的除藻效果 ,是适合在湖泊 ,水库和江河等淡水 (低含盐量 )水体中应用的应急除藻技术 .当离子强度从 0.17mol/L降到 0mol/L时 ,海泡石除藻率从 90 %以上降为 70 %以下(投加量700mg/L) ,而壳聚糖改性海泡石的除藻率却从 70%左右升至 95% (投加量仅为 11mg/L) .用粘度法研究了壳聚糖改性海泡石的絮凝机理 ,发现相对低的离子强度更有利于壳聚糖分子链上阳电荷的相互排斥作用 ,有利于壳聚糖分子链的舒展 ,从而可以充分发挥架桥网捕作用 ,利于絮凝除藻 .     

木质纤维素生产燃料乙醇的关键技术研究现状

木质纤维素是自然界广泛存在且廉价的可再生资源.其主要成分纤维索、半纤维素是潜在的燃料乙醇生产原料.虽然由木质纤维素生产燃料乙醇的技术路线已具可行性,但存在着具体工艺环节复杂、生产能耗高等局限,严重阻碍了其规模化生产.目前纤维素燃料乙醇生产主要围绕预处理、酶解、发酵三大关键步骤进行技术攻关,其中预处理的能耗和效率、发酵过程的五碳糖利用等问题成为该工艺的重要制约因素.本文在综述国内外纤维素乙醇生产关键步骤的基础上,着重分析了各种物理、化学和生物预处理的优缺点以及新兴的预处理思路,归纳了各类纤维素乙醇生产菌的特点,包括耐高温和五碳糖的利用,并介绍了当前主要的发酵方式和优化措施,以期为木质纤维素生产乙醇提供新的研究思路.表5参86     

钛石膏中重金属元素的浸出特性研究

研究了钛石膏中重金属含量和不同浸出条件下钛石膏中重金属的浸出特性。结果表明,钛石膏中Mn、Hg、Zn、Cr、As含量相对较高,表现出对周围环境的潜在危害性。不同浸提剂浸出实验中,由于较强的离子强度效应,海水对重金属的浸出能力强于硫酸/硝酸、去离子水(除Zn外),且海水Hg浸出浓度超出标准限值近3倍。在连续静态浸出实验中,海水浸出和酸性浸出的重金属浓度均不断降低,但重金属海水浸出量始终高于酸性浸出,表明盐度对重金属的浸出具有持续促进作用,而钛石膏则表现出较强的酸缓冲能力。同时在连续浸出过程中海水及酸性浸出的重金属累积浸出率均显著增加,说明在标准加速浸出时间以外,钛石膏液固浸出体系仍具有较强的重金属释放能力,故认为钛石膏简易堆存可能存在环境风险。     

氨基修饰磁性氧化石墨烯吸附离子型染料性能

采用恒温搅拌法和水热法首次制备磁性三乙烯四胺氧化石墨烯（M-T-GO）,并通过SEM和XPS对M-T-GO进行表征.以M-T-GO为吸附剂,分析pH值、吸附时间和初始浓度对阴离子染料酒石黄（TY）和阳离子染料亚甲基蓝（MB）吸附效果的影响.并对吸附动力学和吸附等温线进行拟合.结果表明：M-T-GO对离子型染料的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式和拟二级反应动力学描述.M-T-GO对TY和MB具有较好的吸附性能,饱和吸附量分别为157.23mg/g和169.49mg/g.与GO相比,M-T-GO对离子型染料的吸附效果更优异,同时具有快速分离和易再生的优点.     

湛江东海岛春季海雾雾水化学特性分析

利用湛江1951~2010年地面观测资料及2010年3月15日~4月20日在湛江东海岛6次海雾观测数据,分析了湛江海雾发生的规律和雾水化学特性.结果表明,湛江海雾属于酸性海雾,pH值变化范围从4.80~6.05.海雾发生初期的电导率比雾发生期间高很多,说明海雾发生的初始阶段雾水中溶解了大量的污染物.对样本的电导率与pH值进行非线性拟合,相关系数为0.61,表明存在一定的相关性.湛江东海岛雾中各离子浓度很高,与其他城市相比较,湛江海雾阴离子Cl-和NO3-很高,特别是Cl-达13000μmol/L,但SO42-不高;阳离子中Na+很高.电导率比其他城市偏高.Ca2+和Mg2+的离子浓度较高,主要是受近地表土壤(主要是钙和铁的碳酸盐)尘埃影响.在雾过程的前期,雾水中各离子成分浓度最高,雾过程期间浓度偏低.各种离子浓度与雾的类型有关.     

Inverse modeling to estimate LNAPL plume release timing

Methodologies are presented for dating releases of light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) using an inverse modeling approach with simple analytical models. Models for LNAPL plume migration are presented to predict LNAPL plume velocity in the unsaturated and saturated zones as a function of basic soil and fluid properties. A relative mobility factor is introduced for LNAPL movement at the water table that depends primarily on the van Genuchten n parameter (related to the breadth of the soil pore size distribution) and the magnitude of water table fluctuations. Estimated LNAPL plume velocities compare reasonably with more rigorous numerical models, which may be used in cases where data availability warrant the greater effort entailed.Two methods of estimating release timing and its uncertainty are investigated. A direct estimation method is described that determines travel time for a single observed travel distance based on estimated soil and fluid properties. Release date uncertainty may be determined using the first order (FO) or Monte Carlo (MC) methods. The second method for estimating release date involves nonlinear parameter estimation utilizing distance vs. time measurements and other data.A case study is presented for a field site where independent estimates of release timing were obtained from a numerical modeling analysis. Release timing estimates based on direct inversion of the analytical timing model agree well with the numerical analysis. Results for a second field site indicate that release date confidence limits estimated by the FO method, assuming log-normally distributed travel times, are close to values determined by the MC method, which makes no assumption regarding the form of the travel time probability distribution.Results for a hypothetical problem indicate that LNAPL velocity and travel time may be accurately estimated if sufficient data on travel distance vs. time are available. Incorporating prior information on relevant soil and fluid properties into the objective function reduces the uncertainty in release date if prior estimates are accurate. However, biased prior estimates may lead to over- or underestimation of release date uncertainty. Simultaneous estimation of soil and fluid properties and release date is possible if prior information is available to condition the parameter estimates.     

pH、离子强度及电解质种类对纳米氧化锌聚集和溶解的影响

本文初步探讨了不同pH、离子强度及电解质种类对纳米氧化锌(ZnO NPs)稳定性(聚集沉降和溶解)的影响.沉降实验表明,pH越靠近零电荷点(~pH9.2),ZnO NPs聚集体尺寸越大,沉降速度越快,稳定性越低;中性pH条件下,随着离子强度的增加,ZnO NPs ζ电位绝对值减小,聚集体尺寸相应变大,沉降速度加快,稳定性降低.中性pH时ZnO NPs ζ电位为正值,阴离子较阳离子更易使ZnO NPs聚集沉降,且SO2-4的影响远大于Cl-.溶解实验显示,pH2—11,Zn2+都会释放到溶液中,pH>7.5,ZnO NPs溶解量<5%;pH<6,超过60%的Zn2+释放到溶液中.中性条件下,离子强度越高,ZnONPs越易溶解,且Ca2+对纳米氧化锌溶解的促进作用强于Na+.这表明离子对纳米氧化锌溶解的促进可能源于阳离子与颗粒表面的离子交换机制.     

非离子表面活性剂Tween80增溶萘实验模拟

利用非离子型表面活性剂增溶萘的效果,同时分析温度、离子强度和共存有机物苯、硝基苯对增溶效果的影响.结果表明,Tween80显著提高萘在水相中的溶解性,10.0g/L的Tween80溶液中,萘的表观溶解度达到489.70mg/L;温度和离子强度的增加提高了萘的表观溶解度,并呈现线性正相关,其中温度的影响作用大于离子强度;萘的增溶体系中存在苯或硝基苯,硝基苯或苯与萘为竞争增溶关系,苯的抑制程度大于硝基苯.     

Characterisation and classification of hoarfrost samples collected in Poland (2003–2005) by discriminant analysis

Discharges of nutrients, urea, dissolved organic matter and heavy metals by a sewage underwater pipeline are analysed in comparison to environmental conditions in a shallow coastal zone. Variable thermo-haline stratifications of the water column and currents in upper (2.62–34.97 cm s^?1) and deeper (0.83–10.91 cm s^?1) layers drive vertical diffusion and lateral transport of wastewaters. Loads of reactive phosphorus (0.13 tons d^?1) and ammonium (1.62 tons d^?1) by the pipeline are not negligible compared to the major river loads in the gulf. High concentrations of urea (≤11.51 μmol N dm^?3) were found in the area of wastewater release. Ammonium uptake (6.14–534 nmol N dm^?3 h^?1) strongly exceeded nitrate uptake (0.19–138 nmol N dm^?3 h^?1), indicating that discharges of ammonium by the pipeline are actively assimilated by plankton community even at low levels of light. Distribution of Zn (≤27.7 ppb), Cu (≤25.6 ppb), Cd (≤0.80 ppb) and Pb (≤13.5 ppb) in the water column and the measurement of their complex-forming capacity in seawater did not indicate a persistent perturbation of the pelagic environment due to heavy metals.