不同温度对黑碳表面官能团的影响

在200-800℃热解水稻秸秆制备BC,以Boehm滴定和FTIR表征BC表面官能团种类和数量,研究了不同温度对BC表面官能团的影响。结果表明：温度对BC表面官能团种类和数量都将产生影响。秸秆碳化后官能团会发生一定变化,表现为醚键（C-O-C）、羰基（C-O）、甲基（-CH3）和亚甲基（-CH2）消失,仍存有羟基（-OH）和芳香族化合物。BC有相同的化学结构,都以芳环骨架为主,但所含官能团种类有一定差异,同种官能团振动形式也不同。酸性和碱性官能团数量都随温度升高先升高后降低,高温和低温不利于官能团的形成,300～600℃对应的碱性官能团含量高于酸性官能团含量。     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

有机修饰剂对土的离子交换修饰研究

研究了有机修饰剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对于塿土2层次土样修饰的离子交换机制.结果表明,土壤表面的CTMAB和Ca2 /2的总和(Scc)可以作为一个简便有效的指标用来判断修饰机制的实质,它的研究证实了CTMAB对于塿土2层次土样的修饰是离子交换修饰和疏水键修饰共存的机制.疏水键修饰机制开始出现于修饰比例20%～28?C范围内,并随修饰比例和CTMAB摩尔分数的增大而线性增大,但直到50?C修饰比例时疏水键修饰机制才显现出其对于土壤性质的影响,100?C左右修饰比例是疏水键修饰超过离子交换修饰而成为主要修饰机制的转折点. Vanselow离子选择性系数表明塿土土样对于CTMAB的吸附偏好要远远大于对Ca2 的吸附.热力学研究结果表明,随总浓度增加,在25%～100?C比例区间,修饰反应由放热、熵减反应转变为吸热熵增反应,而在100%～200?C区间,表观焓变和表观熵变表现出焓、熵趋于减小的趋势,总体上表现出由25%～100?C区间的熵变控制的自发性反应向100%～200?C区间的焓变控制的自发性过程转换的热力学特征,佐证了上述修饰机制的合理性.     

离子液体[C14mim]Br对大鼠亚慢性毒性的初步研究

研究了离子液体溴化-1-十四烷基-3-甲基咪唑盐([C_(14)mim]Br)对大鼠的亚慢性毒性.实验设立3个染毒组(2.5、5、10 mg·kg~(-1))和1个对照组,对大鼠经口染毒90 d后,分别考察大鼠的体重、血清生化指标、脏体指数、组织形态学的变化.结果表明,与对照组相比,染毒组大鼠的体重增长随着染毒剂量的增加而降低,肝脏/体重系数增大,其血清中碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、直接胆红素(DBIL)和和球蛋白(GLB)水平均明显升高,A/G(ALB/GLB)、血清总蛋白(TP)值则明显下降.病理检查结果显示,染毒组大鼠的肝脏、肾脏及肺均有不同程度的损伤及病变.研究表明,[C_(14)mim]Br亚慢性染毒对大鼠的肝肾均有损伤,且其毒性呈一定的剂量依赖性.     

稀土矿废弃地植被恢复过程中土壤微生物演变

以福建长汀典型离子型稀土矿堆浸冶炼废弃地作为研究对象，采取"空间代时间"的方法，对堆浸废弃地不同植物恢复年限样地土壤理化性质及微生物进行调查测定，分析植物恢复对稀土矿堆浸废弃地土壤理化特性及微生物的影响.结果表明：在植被恢复第3a和4a土壤理化性质显著高于未治理废弃地，但仍显著低于矿区周边未开采对照（P<0.05）.植被恢复年4a以后，长汀稀土矿废弃地土壤理化性质则呈下降趋势，但仍显著高于未治理废弃地（P<0.05）.长汀稀土矿堆浸废弃地不同植被恢复年限土壤细菌丰度及多样存在一定差异.随植被恢复年限的增加，土壤细菌多样性及丰度降低，但一些特殊细菌群如γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）、a-变形杆菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）等在不同植被恢复年限样地中其相对丰度明显增加.具有固氮作用的蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）随着植被恢复年限的增加，其相对丰度降低.广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）仅存在于未开采对照样地；土壤寡营养细菌酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）随植被恢复年限的增加，相对丰度呈增大趋势.土壤中优势菌群广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、β-变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、Methanobacterium属、罗尔斯通菌属（Ralstonia）与土壤pH、全磷、全钾、速效磷等呈正相关.土壤pH值、全磷、全钾等是影响广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）等细菌菌群多样性及相对丰度变化的重要因素.以上结果表明，离子型稀土矿堆浸废弃地植被恢复治理到3~4a时，应采取防治措施对其进行人工抚育管理，否则可能会出现前期恢复后期退化的问题.     

从环境影响角度分析水泥窑除尘器选型的合理性

从水泥窑大气污染物对环境影响的角度，分析了新型干法水泥回转窑窑尾和窑头除尘器选型的合理性，包括投资、运行成本、对污染物治理和工况的适应性、操作和维修性能、可靠性、稳定性、除尘效率以及非正常排放、污染物排放量、大气环境容量、环境质量标准、气候条件等对环境的影响程度。     

Floods in southern Portugal: their physical and human causes,impacts and human response

Floods have been the most deadlynatural disasters in Portugal during the lastcentury, followed by earthquakes. The typeof flood known as a `progressive flood'mainly affects the larger basins, such asthat of the Tagus River, and results in alarge inundated area. These floods arecaused by heavy rains associated with awesterly zonal circulation that may persistfor weeks. The system of dams within thebasin reduces the frequency of flooding,but cannot `tame' the river. The dam systemhas even contributed to an increase in thepeak flow, as in the 1979 flood.Nevertheless, these floods are not a dangerfor the human population. In contrast, flashfloods are more dangerous and deadlier thanprogressive floods, as demonstrated in 1967and 1997. They affect the small drainagebasins and are caused by heavy andconcentrated rainfall, created byconvective depressions (active cold poolsor depressions caused by the interactionbetween polar and tropical air masses),active in the south of the country, in theLisbon region, Alentejo and the Algarve.Deforestation, soil impermeability, chaoticurbanization, building on floodplains, theblockage of small creeks or theircanalisation, and the building of walls andtransverse embankments along the smallcreeks all contribute to the aggravation ofthis kind of flood.     

珠江三角洲气溶胶中正构烷烃分布规律、来源及其时空变化

珠江三角洲地区主要城市气溶胶中正构烷烃分布可分为３种类型，第一类为前峰型，主要来源于汽车尾气；第二类为后峰型，主要来源于植物蜡；第三类为双峰型，来源于植物蜡，燃料燃烧和尾气。     

Utility participation in a multispecies plan

Single-species listings under provisions of the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) have caused, or have been accused of causing, significant regional economic impact. In an attempt to avoid such adverse effects on regional economic development, the state of California passed the Natural Communities Conservation Planning Act (NCCP) in 1991. It is a voluntary, consensus-based approach to balancing protection of sensitive biota and biodiversity with regional economic development. The pilot NCCP program for the conservation of several threatened, endangered, and category 1 species, plus an additional 35 coastal sage scrub-related species in southern California, was completed and submitted to the public for review and comment in December 1995. This program proposes the voluntary establishment of a 86,600-ha multispecies reserve system. Once completed, participating landowners will receive ESA Section 10(a) incidental take permits for present and identified future projects. Utility rights-of-way are incorporated into the program as important connective linkages between reserve units and other adjacent important habitat areas. All data and information regarding the proposed results of the NCCP are subject to change pending agency response to public comments on the draft Habitat Conservation Plan and joint EIR/EIS.     

连续式离子分离系统(ISEP)在水杨酸生产废水处理中的应用

采用连续式离子分离系统 (ISEP)处理水杨酸生产废水 ,结果表明 ,该系统对水杨酸生产废水有良好的处理效果。当进水CODCr为 180 0 0— 2 0 0 0 0mg/L时 ,经一步吸附处理 ,出水CODCr可实现达标排放 ,苯酚、水杨酸去除率接近10 0 % ,脱附液中高浓度苯酚、水杨酸等资源可有效回收利用