新型热电厂烟气脱硫剂的制备及中试试验

采用乙醇胺、乳酸及乙醇合成了乙醇胺乳酸盐,并将其与水复配制得含水量为15%的乙醇胺乳酸盐离子液体脱硫剂(ELIL脱硫剂),探讨了中试脱硫试验过程中脱硫剂的SO_2吸收性能及重复使用性能。试验结果表明:在长达72 h的吸收过程中,该脱硫剂的硫容(以SO_2计)与吸收时间呈一次函数关系;在硫容达到3.0%左右时,ELIL脱硫剂的黏度达到最大值;以w(SO_2)为0.69%的模拟烟道气连续中试运转72 h,尾气中的SO_2质量浓度远小于50 mg/cm~3,达到GB 13271—2014《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》的要求;使用5次后,ELIL脱硫剂的饱和硫容基本稳定在4.6%,重复使用性良好;随着重复使用次数的增加,SO_4~(2-)积累量逐次增加,可通过加入Ca(OH)_2除去SO_4~(2-),提高ELIL脱硫剂的脱硫性能。     

温度和离子强度对SDBS增溶菲的影响及机理

研究了不同温度(15,20,25,30,35和50℃)和离子强度(0.03,0.15和0.30 mol·l-1)对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)增溶菲的影响,并探讨了其增溶热力学,结果表明, SDBS对菲的增溶量随温度的升高而增大,而增溶能力(Kmn,Kmc)减小,主要是由菲在水中溶解度增大所致;离子强度增大,SDBS的临界胶束浓度(CMC)降低、胶团变大和菲的溶解度减小,导致SDBS对菲的增溶量和增溶能力增大.菲在SDBS单体/水和胶束/水的表观分配焓变分别为-21.08kJ·mol-1和-16.54 kJ·mol-1,因此,升高温度不利于菲在SDBS单体和胶束中的分配作用;菲在水、SDBS单体和胶束中的表观熔解热分别为35.16 kJ·mol-1,14.08 kJ·mol-1和18.62 kJ·mol-1,故温度升高菲在水、SDBS单体和胶束中的溶解量增大.     

Effects of cadium, zinc and lead on soil enzyme activities

Heavy metal （HM） is a major hazard to the soil-plant system. This study investigated the combined effects of cadium （Cd）, zinc （Zn） and lead （Pb） on activities of four enzymes in soil, including calatase, urease, invertase and alkalin phosphatase. HM content in tops of canola and four enzymes activities in soil were analyzed at two months after the metal additions to the soil. Pb was not significantly inhibitory than the other heavy metals for the four enzyme activities and was shown to have a protective role on calatase activity in the combined presence of Cd, Zn and Pb; whereas Cd significantly inhibited the four enzyme activities, and Zn only inhibited urease and calatase activities. The inhibiting effect of Cd and Zn on urease and calatase activities can be intensified significantly by the additions of Zn and Cd. There was a negative synergistic inhibitory effect of Cd and Zn on the two enzymes in the presence of Cd, Zn and Pb. The urease activity was inhibited more by the HM combinations than by the metals alone and reduced approximately 20%--40% of urease activity. The intertase and alkaline phosphatase activities significantly decreased only with the increase of Cd concentration in the soil. It was shown that urease was much more sensitive to HM than the other enzymes. There was a obvious negative correlation between the ionic impulsion of HM in soil, the ionic impulsion of HM in canola plants tops and urease activity. It is concluded that the soil urease activity may be a sensitive tool for assessing additive toxic combination effect on soil biochemical parameters.     

Suitability of the vegetation types in Mexico's Tamaulipas state for the siting of hazardous waste treatment plants

A land suitability study was carried out by applying a multiple-criteria technique to 12 different vegetation types in Mexico's Tamaulipas state to help select potentially suitable sites for hazardous waste treatment plants. Species richness, spatial distribution, and uniqueness were selected as the criteria for estimating a vegetation type's suitability. Using the analytical hierarchy process, we ranked and mapped vegetation types, then compared the results with rankings of the same vegetation types based only on their number of endemic species. The suitabilities of the various vegetation types were ordered in more or less the same way by both methods, except in two cases for which the results were very different. The method proved to be a useful tool despite the availability of only partial (mostly qualitative) information; under such circumstances, expert experience can be incorporated in the evaluation process to a limited degree. The technique described in this paper has a high potential to aid decisions when many opinions and options must be considered simultaneously.     

混凝土生态膜污水处理工艺生物相变化研究

通过试验方法,研究了混凝土生态膜污水处理工艺的循环挂膜过程,综合考察了混凝土膜片表面生物膜的生长变化情况,细菌数量及其微型动物的组成演化。同时在挂膜一定时间后投加生活污水,考察对COD、NH3-N的去除率。     

呼伦贝尔市城郊河岸带土壤与河流沉积物重金属污染现状分析

河岸带类型对河流环境重金属富集具有显著影响,合理规划河岸环境,可以减缓河流周围土地的重金属污染对河流生态系统的影响。随着内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市工矿业、农牧业和旅游业的快速发展,频繁的人类活动会增加对河流周边重金属污染潜在威胁。为揭示呼伦贝尔市河流域环境重金属污染的现状、分布特征以及不同的河岸带类型对河流沉积物重金属污染的影响,在该区域采集了34个河岸带表层土壤和河流表层沉积物样品,并测定了6种重金属（Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb与Zn）含量,采用污染负荷指数法（pollution load index,PLI）对重金属污染情况进行评价。结果显示：6种重金属的平均含量分别为背景值的2.08倍、1.55倍、0.80倍、1.61倍、0.82倍、1.00倍,总体PLI为1.19,属轻度污染;河岸带的重金属污染程度总体高于河流,但是河流的重金属污染变率更大,相比之下重金属含量的最高值多出现于河流中;不同河岸带类型的PLI呈工业型河岸最高（1.535）、自然型河岸次之（1.126）、城市绿化河岸最低（1.030）、工矿业活动是区域重金属污染的主要源头,城市绿化型河岸带与自然型河岸带具有一定的缓解重...     

湿法脱硫烟气中多形态颗粒物的测量方法及组分特征

为全面测量固定源湿法脱硫烟气中多形态颗粒物的排放浓度及其离子组成特征,提出了一种基于一级冷凝、二级过滤和一级冲击吸收的多形态烟气颗粒物的同步测量方法,外场实测了3种湿法脱硫和除尘工艺的排放水平。现场测试表明：简易湿法除尘脱硫（NaOH法）一体化装置烟气中可过滤颗粒物（FPM）浓度为（36±11）mg/m³,可逃逸颗粒物（EPM）浓度为（33±7）mg/m³;氧化镁法+布袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度为（14±5）mg/m³,EPM浓度为（13±6）mg/m³;石灰石-石膏脱硫+电袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度低,小于3 mg/m³,EPM浓度为（6±1）mg/m³;烟气中EPM是传统滤膜法检测FPM浓度的0.7~5.7倍,EPM的主要存在形态为冷凝液中的可溶解颗粒物（DPM）,颗粒物的组分与脱硫方法密切相关,各形态颗粒物的主要组分是SO₄^2-、SO₃^2-、NO₃^-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺等离子。     

表面活性剂对中性氧化铝吸附甲基对硫磷的影响

分别应用离子型表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)改性中性氧化铝对甲基对硫磷这种疏水性环境污染物进行吸附性能研究.结果表明,中性氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附行为与表面活性剂的种类和浓度及环境中pH值有关.原中性氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附能力较小,加入阴离子表面活性剂及调节pH值后其吸附能力增强.氧化铝对3种离子型表面活性剂的吸附性能有所不同,在中性条件下,对SDS的吸附量最大,对CTMAB的吸附量最小;当介质pH为4时,氧化铝对SDS或SDBS的吸附量都有所增大,对CTMAB的吸附量则下降.甲基对硫磷和阴离子表面活性剂同时存在于溶液中时,产生协同效应,使氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附能力有所提高.而阳离子表面活性剂存在下,氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附能力则逐渐下降.     

The effects of disturbance based management on the dynamics of Mediterranean vegetation: A hierarchical and spatially explicit modeling approach

The eastern Mediterranean region has been subjected to intensive human disturbance in the past 10,000 years, mainly in the forms of agro-pastoral activities such as grazing, shrub clearing, and prescribed burning. This disturbance history resulted in the formation of highly heterogeneous landscapes, characterized by high biodiversity. Recent changes in human activities have resulted in a decrease of landscape heterogeneity, leading to decreasing biodiversity and increasing fire risk. To conserve heterogeneity, land managers apply disturbance based management practices, using the same activities that created and maintained landscape heterogeneity in the past. However, the long-term and large-scale outcomes of these disturbances are often unknown, due to the complex response of Mediterranean vegetation to disturbance. Here we report on a spatially explicit, hybrid, and spatially hierarchical ecological model developed by us. The model attempts to predict the outcome of various disturbance based management activities on the long-term spatio-temporal dynamics of five common Mediterranean vegetation types. The model uses a spatially explicit state and transition formulation, with continuous transition functions. Model simulations were conducted on a Mediterranean landscape in Northern Israel, incorporating various disturbance practices that are common in the region. Simulation results highlight the potential of disturbance based management as a tool for conserving landscape heterogeneity, as well as the complex interactions between disturbances and the spatial structure of the landscape in Mediterranean regions.     

Motor Vehicle Crashes on Bridges and Countermeasure Opportunities

There are approximately 600,000 highway bridges in the United States. These structures differ from surface streets and highways in terms of their physical properties and operational characteristics, which in turn, affect the risk of motor-vehicle crashes and the kinds of crashes that occur. The purpose of this study was to identify motor-vehicle crash patterns and contributing factors to bridge crashes and related countermeasure opportunities on four urban bridges in the New York metropolitan area. A crash typology was developed using the narratives and diagrams in police crash reports in addition to standard police classifications of crashes. The final dataset contained records of 1,381 police-reported crashes. The four bridges studied had higher crash rates than their respective approach roads. Four major crash types accounted for approximately 90% of the bridge crashes. Primary collision factors are reviewed, and potential countermeasures are discussed.