离子类型、强度和铁氧化物影响下微塑料的迁移行为及模型计算

土壤中的微塑料（MPs）作为一种新型污染物而被广泛关注,其迁移行为受到自身理化性质、土壤溶液化学组成和土壤矿物等因素的影响.目前,铁氧化物存在时,离子类型和离子强度对MPs迁移行为的影响机制尚不明确.通过稳定性实验和迁移实验,重点考察了离子类型、离子强度和铁氧化物对带有不同官能团聚苯乙烯微塑料（PSMPs）迁移行为的影响,并用胶体迁移模型、CD-MUSIC模型及DLVO理论探讨其迁移机制.结果表明,PSMPs在NaH₂PO₄背景下的稳定性最强,标准化浓度（c/c₀）达到0.99,而在CaCl₂背景下的稳定性相对弱,c/c₀降低至0.94.不同离子种类对PSMPs的迁移行为产生不同影响,对于阳离子Na⁺和Ca²⁺,二价Ca离子有架桥作用和较强的电荷中和作用,更能阻滞PSMPs在石英砂中的迁移,出水溶液中PSMPs回收率低至（43.83±1.71）%且第二动力学位点上的一级保留系数k_2a为1.54 min^-1,铁氧化物会进一步加剧阻滞作用,回收率降低为（6.04±0.40）%且k_2a升高为5.33 min^-1;对于阴离子Cl^-和PO₄^3-,PSMPs在纯石英砂柱中的迁移主要受其自身表面电负性的控制,Cl^-离子下PSMPs电负性更低,回收率升高［（92.95±0.63）%］且k_2a降低（0.19 min^-1）,而当铁氧化物存在时,PSMPs的迁移则受控于载铁石英砂表面的Zeta电位.CD-MUSIC模型计算结果显示PO₄^3-容易吸附在铁氧化物表面形成内圈络合物,降低载铁石英砂表面的电负性,因此PSMPs在PO₄^3-背景下的回收率升高［（76.22±1.39）%］且k_2a降低（0.66 min^-1）;同时,该内圈络合物的形态受PO₄^3-浓度的控制且不同形态的内圈络合物具有不同的表面负电荷数,因此高PO₄^3-浓度下载铁石英砂表面电负性反而高,不利于PSMPs迁移.此外,PSMPs的迁移均随着离子强度的增加而降低.最后,DLVO理论计算出不同条件下PSMPs和介质间的一级势垒变化趋势与PSMPs的迁移能力一致,即较高的一级势垒表明PSMPs和介质间较大的相互斥力有利于PSMPs的迁移,可以更好地阐明PSMPs的迁移行为.     

基于天津臭氧污染特点的气象条件与天气分型研究

使用天津市2013—2019年连续污染物监测数据和气象观测数据探讨臭氧污染现状,分析气象条件对臭氧浓度的影响,对不同臭氧污染过程案例进行天气分型,统计出现臭氧污染时的污染气象特征。结果表明:天津市臭氧浓度不降反升,2017—2019年连续3年超过国家二级浓度限值,2019年以臭氧为首要污染物的重污染天约占全年的1/2。春季和秋季臭氧污染日益突出,4月臭氧浓度已明显升高。天津市臭氧日最大8 h滑动平均质量浓度(O₃-8 h)在日最高气温超过30℃、相对湿度20%~70%、西南风或东南风风速1~2.5 m/s、白天边界层高度1 400 m以下时较高。将臭氧污染天气形势分为春夏之交、盛夏高温和夏秋静稳3种类型。其中春夏之交天气型易出现臭氧与PM_2.5协同污染;盛夏高温天气型平均风速较大,日最高气温大于35℃;夏秋静稳天气型平均风速小、边界层低。     

Biomass allocation in boreal plants with different ecological strategies

In the boreal zone of the Middle Urals, biomass structure was studied in 35 species of wild plants with different ecological strategies according to Grime and Ramenskii (competitors, ruderals, and stress-tolerant plants). Plants belonging to these groups proved to differ considerably in the absolute plant weight and the quantitative contributions of the main organs to the total biomass. Discriminant analysis revealed a 97% difference between the species groups; hence, this approach may be used for identifying the ecological strategies of plants in natural habitats.     

臭氧/沸石工艺处理水中硝基苯的效能研究

在连续反应器中,考察了臭氧/沸石工艺在不同条件下去除硝基苯的效果.结果表明,臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率明显高于单纯臭氧氧化,反应7 min后,硝基苯去除率达到100％,并且该反应符合假一级反应动力学.叔丁醇能抑制臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率,表明在氧化去除硝基苯过程中羟基自由基起主导作用.增加沸石投量和臭氧浓度均能有效地提高臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率,并且臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除速率与沸石投量之间存在1个最优值,与臭氧浓度呈线性关系.臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除速率与初始硝基苯浓度无关.离子强度对臭氧/沸石工艺降解硝基苯的效率影响较大,当离子强度从0增加到1×10^-3　mol/L时,臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除率从81.2％降低至31.6％.pH值主要影响臭氧的分解能力,随着溶液pH降低,臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率逐渐下降.沸石具有较长的使用寿命.     

Effect of interspecific competition on functional properties of plants in mountain-steppe communities of the Gobi

The isotope ratios δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N and the contents of nitrogen, carbon, and mineral substances have been studied in the leaves of Ephedra sinica, Allium polyrhizum, and Stipa glareosa plants growing separately or together under arid conditions of the Gobi (Mongolia). The contents of nitrogen, mineral substances, and δ¹⁵N have proved to decrease when these species grow together, providing evidence that they compete for environmental resources. The nitrogen content decreases to the greatest extent in E. sinica due to the low competitiveness of this species. The direction of change in δ¹³C in E. sinica is opposite to that in A. polyrhizum and S. glareosa. Differences in physiological mechanisms of adaptation to stress between these species provides a basis for attributing them to different functional groups and for predicting the result of their competition upon changes in climatic conditions.     

云南省高原典型森林植被涵养水源功能研究

利用水量平衡原理对云南省高原3种典型森林植被的林冠截留、枯落物持水和土壤蓄水能力进行比较研究。结果表明:土壤蓄水是森林发挥涵养水源功能的最主要途径;从林冠截留量和截留率两个指标来看,林冠截水能力排序为高山松林(209.87 t/hm²、28.87%)>白桦林(194.17 t/hm²、19.82%)>川滇高山栎灌丛(111.78 t/hm²、16.32%);对于枯落物持水能力:最大持水量排序为高山松林(35.79 t/hm²)>白桦林(24.52 t/hm²)>川滇高山栎灌丛(18.49 t/hm²);最大持水率排序为川滇高山栎灌丛(177.42%)>白桦林(152.08%)>高山松林(138.48%);土壤蓄水能力排序为川滇高山栎灌丛(673.19 t/(hm²·a))>高山松林(610 t/(hm²·a))>白桦林(549.84 t/(hm²·a));在同一森林单位面积上,涵养水源能力排序为高山松林(855.66 t/hm²)>川滇高山栎灌丛(803.46 t/hm²)>白桦林(768.53 t/hm²)。研究可为森林生态效益核算和管理奠定基础,且对制定适应气候变化的策略有着科学指导意义。     

Opposite response of phosphorus sorption to pH and ionic strength: a comparative study in two different shallow lake sediments

Phosphorus (P) sediment sorption is regarded as the most important buffering process against P increases in overlying water. In this study, two shallow eutrophic sediments (Mei and Hua) with distinct compositions were selected to assess effects of pH (from 6 to 9) and ionic strength (IS) (0, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 M KCl) on P sorption. In Mei sediments, the P sorption decreased as pH increased (6.97–9.13), but it increased as IS increased over the pH range in question. These results could be attributed to the negatively charged surface of Mei sediments, as indicated by the salt titration curve, and the high cation exchange capacity (CEC). P sorption in Hua sediments was facilitated by a pH increase (6.12–7.49), but it was hindered by an IS increase. A reasonable explanation for this phenomenon is that calcium phosphate precipitates at high pHs and that Cl^? exchanges with P because the surface is weakly charged (small CEC). These results indicate that the sediment P sorption may have trends opposite to one another in relation to the salt change (e.g. drought and rainy season) in the lake water between the two sediments. These data provide additional support to explain P concentration variations in lakes.     

乌蒙山重点地区地下水水化学特征及成因分析

乌蒙山区是中国西南贫困连片分布区,水资源短缺问题已成为制约当地生态环境建设和社会经济发展的重要因素。本文选取乌蒙山重点地区赫章县和纳雍县作为研究区,采用描述性统计、Piper三线图、相关性分析和离子比例系数法对地下水化学特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明:(1)Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为地下水中主要阳离子,HCO-3和SO2-4为地下水中主要阴离子,微量元素检出率较高,部分含量超标。HCO3·SO4-Ca型、HCO3-Ca型、HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型为主要地下水水化学类型;(2)碳酸盐的溶解作用和硫化物的氧化作用是地下水中两种主要的水文地球化学过程,共同决定了地下水的离子构成和水化学类型,部分地区还存在石膏和岩盐的溶解,人类活动对地下水也有一定的影响。     

Enriching blast furnace gas by removing carbon dioxide

Blast furnace gas (BF gas) produced in the iron making process is an essential energy resource for a steel making work. As compared with coke oven gas, the caloric value of BF gas is too low to be used alone as fuel in hot stove because of its high concentrations of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. If the carbon dioxide in BF gas could be captured efficiently, it would meet the increasing need of high caloric BF gas, and develop methods to reusing and/or recycling the separated carbon dioxide further. Focused on this, investigations were done with simple evaluation on possible methods of removing carbon dioxide from BF gas and basic experiments on carbon dioxide capture by chemical absorption. The experimental results showed that in 100 minutes, the maximum absorbed doses of carbon dioxide reached 20 g/100 g with ionic liquid as absorbent.     

苏南丘陵主要森林类型保持水土效益的研究

１９９１年度在苏南丘陵地区用径流小区法测得杉木林、火炬松林、栎林及裸地的地表径流系数分别为９．５５％、３８．９９％、６．０１％、４５．３７％。土壤侵蚀量分别为２８１．０ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、２２５．４ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、２３８。４ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、１４４１４．５ｔ／ｋｍ￣２。与裸地相比，森林保持水土的效益非常显著。文中还详细讨论了裸地的土壤侵蚀规律，并给出了裸地土壤侵蚀量的经验预报方程。