低温磁性铁基SCR烟气脱硝的实验研究

在流化床反应器中,以磁性铁氧化物(Fe3O4、γ-Fe2O3)颗粒为床料,氨为还原剂,进行了中低温SCR烟气脱硝实验研究,然后对反应辅加磁场,初步研究磁场对磁性γ-Fe2O3催化剂SCR脱硝的影响,并对床料进行了XRD分析.结果表明,Fe3O4的SCR活性较差,γ-Fe2O3的SCR活性较佳,在250℃其催化脱硝效率能达到90%,但在250℃以上Fe2O3会对氨的氧化起作用,因而在250℃及以下的邻近温度区间是最佳催化温度区间.此外,在150~290℃,外加磁场能促进γ-Fe2O3对NO的吸附,提高脱硝效率,使250℃时的脱硝效率达到95%左右,但在290℃以上,则会降低脱硝效率.为了抑制氨的氧化,发挥磁场对γ-Fe2O3脱硝的作用,适合在200~250℃低温区间内采用γ-Fe2O3催化剂进行SCR脱硝.     

四边形折流式膜生物流化床内填料浓度及液相流场特性研究

针对研究开发的四边形折流式膜生物流化床,构建了气、固、液三相流可视化平台,应用取样法和激光粒子图像测速(PIV)技术剖析了不同进水流量和曝气强度组合对流化床内的填料浓度及液相流场特性的影响.结果表明,折流板上部形成的曝气死区,提高了升流区的填料浓度;折流板和导流锥形成的进水角度使流场冲击反应器底部的填料,提高了在低曝气强度下流化床的填料浓度,在实际运行过程可降低曝气能耗;四边形折流式膜生物流化床的结构特点导致填料与膜组件相互碰撞的概率增大,强化了膜污染的控制.曝气强度和进水流量的变化改变了液相的轴向返混强度和剪切力,进而改变了填料浓度,使气、固、液三相冲刷膜组件的作用增大,最终影响膜面传质系数和浓差极化边界层厚度,降低了膜污染.通过流化床结构的改变提高填料浓度和改善流场特性,为高浓度有机废水好氧生物的处理提供了一个研究方向.     

京杭大运河(杭州段)两侧浅层地下水中铁、锰含量偏高的成因分析

本研究以环境水文地球化学理论为基础并采用数理统计的方法,对研究区地下水样和土样的分析数据进行了处理。通过浸滤模拟试验、红外光谱和差热分析等实验手段,对京杭大运河(杭州段)两侧浅层地下水中铁、锰含量偏高的成因进行了探讨。结果表明,该区地下水中铁、锰主要来自含水粘性土层,本区还原的介质环境及特有的地质条件对铁、锰含量偏高有直接影响。     

不同地区土壤中分蘖期水稻根表铁氧化物的形成及其对砷吸收的影响

通过土壤盆栽试验研究了14种不同土壤中种植水稻后,其根表铁膜形成量的情况,及其对苗期水稻吸收和转运砷的影响.结果表明,生长在不同土壤中的水稻其根表铁膜的形成量有显著的差异,铁膜形成量最大为61.97 mg/g,最小仅为1.15mg/g,分析表明土壤中非晶质态氧化铁含量的不同是其主要的影响因素之一.同时测定了根表铁膜中砷的含量,铁膜上吸附的砷浓度最大为1 376 mg/kg,最小低于检测限,其与根表铁膜形成量之间存在着显著的正相关性(r=0.85,n=14,p0.05),而与土壤溶液中有效态的砷浓度无显著的相关性;水稻植株地上部砷浓度(0.400~12.98 mg/kg)和地下部砷浓度(3.860~576.2 mg/kg)与根表铁膜的形成量之间也都存在着显著的正相关性(r=0.88,n=14,p0.05;r=0.91,n=14,p0.05),与土壤溶液中有效态的砷浓度无显著的相关性;水稻根系对砷的吸收能力(SAU,0.005~0.670 mg/g)与根表铁膜形成量之间也为显著的正相关性(r=0.91,n=14,p0.05);根表铁膜形成量与砷的转运之间无显著的相关性.结果表明,在此次试验中土壤的非晶质态氧化铁的含量是水稻根表铁膜形成的影响因素之一,根表铁膜的存在成为了根际砷的富集库,起到了促进根际砷吸收的作用,但对砷的转运没有显著的影响.     

三种氧化铁吸附水环境中砷的试验研究

采用两种人工合成的氧化铁(针铁矿、水铁矿)和赤铁矿作为吸附剂,对含砷(三价砷及三价五价砷混合液)水进行了吸附试验。结果表明,在初始浓度为1200μg/L的As(Ⅲ)溶液中,水铁矿的吸附效果最好,针铁矿和赤铁矿吸附效果较差;在初始pH为7,As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)摩尔比为1:1的混合液中时,三种铁矿对总砷的吸附效果均随着As/Fe摩尔比的增大而减小;在A(sⅢ)和As(Ⅴ)摩尔比为1:1的混合液中,吸附总砷效果最好的是针铁矿,水铁矿次之,赤铁矿的吸附效果最差;A(sⅤ)的存在对除砷效果有一定的影响,三价砷和五价砷共存时,三种铁矿对其吸附具有一定的选择性。     

Impact of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the sediment-water interface

As a diagenetic progress, bioturbation influences solute exchange across the sediment-water interface (SWI). Different benthic animals have various mechanical activities in sediment, thereby they may have different effects on solute exchange across the SWI. This laboratory study examined the impacts of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the SWI. Tubificid worms and Chironomidae larvae were introduced as model organisms which, based on their mechanical activities, belong to upward-conveyors and gallery-diffusers, respectively. The microcosm simulation study was carried out with a continuous flow culture system, and all sediment, water, and worms and larvae specimens were sampled from Taihu Lake, China. To compare their bioturbation effects, the same biomass (17.1 g wet weight (ww)/m2) was adopted for worms and larvae.Worms altered no oxygen penetration depth in sediment, while larvae increased the O2 penetration depth, compared to the control treatment. Their emergence also enhanced sediment O2 uptake. The oxidation of ferrous iron in pore water produced ferric iron oxyhydroxides that adsorbed soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the overlying water and pore water. Larvae built obviously oxidized tubes with about 2 mm diameter and the maximum length of 6 cm in sediment, and significantly decreased ferrous iron and SRP in the pore water compared to the control and worms treatments. Worms constructed no visually-oxidized galleries in the sediment in contrast to larvae, and they did not significantly alter SRP in the pore water relative to the control treatment. The adsorption of ferric iron oxyhydroxides to SRP caused by worms and larvae inhibited SRP release from sediment. Comparatively, worms inhibited more SRP release than larvae based on the same biomass, as they successively renewed the ferric iron oxyhydroxides rich oxidation layer through their deposition.     

海藻酸钠/蒙脱石联合负载型纳米Fe0对Cu(II)的去除研究

由于蒙脱石负载型纳米Fe~0(Mt-n ZVI)在使用中易随水迁移,造成出水水质混浊和Fe~0流失.因此,本研究制备了海藻酸钠(SA)和蒙脱石(Mt)联合负载型纳米零价铁(SA/Mt-n ZVI),探究其对水中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除效果,并考察了Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度、pH值对去除率的影响.结果表明:以2%(质量分数)SA和6%(质量分数)Mt-n ZVI条件制备的SA/Mt-n ZVI小球对Cu(Ⅱ)处理效果好,反应24 h后,SA/Mt-n ZVI小球对初始浓度为40 mg·L-1Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率达到92.11%,与游离的Mt-n ZVI颗粒相比,其活性并未降低;Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率随其初始浓度升高而降低;在pH为2~6之间,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率随pH升高而升高.SA/Mt-n ZVI小球可有效净化污水中的Cu(Ⅱ),将其重复使用3次后,对Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率仍维持在59.52%.     

Fe~0-厌氧微生物体系处理活性艳蓝X-BR的试验研究

采用零价铁(Fe0)-厌氧微生物处理体系,以蒽醌染料活性艳蓝X-BR为处理对象,通过摇床试验研究了Fe0投加量、pH值等因素对染料脱色的影响,并对比了该染料在3种不同处理体系中的脱色效果.结果表明,在Fe0-厌氧微生物体系中,Fe0投加量和pH值均存在最适宜值,当两者分别控制在400mg/L和7,染料初始浓度和反应时间分别为100mg/L和68h时,该体系脱色率可达到90%以上;与相同反应条件下的纯Fe0、纯厌氧微生物体系相比,该体系的脱色率提高近40%.根据紫外-可见光谱分析,Fe0可有效促进厌氧微生物对X-BR及其中间产物的降解,实现完全脱色.其脱色符合准一级动力学,当染料初始浓度由50mg/L增至800mg/L时,反应速率常数k值由0.0470h-1降至0.0102h-1.     

球形海绵铁还原去除水中硝酸盐的静态研究

利用铁精粉造球和直接还原工艺制备了粒径1～5mm的多孔性球形海绵铁,对该球形海绵铁处理模拟硝酸盐污染水体进行了静态实验研究。结果表明:溶液pH值和溶解氧对硝酸盐去除率影响显著,pH值<2时硝酸盐去除率较高,而pH值>3时硝酸盐去除率很低;水体溶解氧能够促进硝酸盐的去除,如果不能向水体供氧,海绵铁几乎不能去除水体中的硝酸盐;无论硝酸盐初始浓度高低,固液比为1:10时海绵铁对硝酸盐的去除率最高,过高或过低的固液比都影响硝酸盐的去除;此外,硝酸盐初始污染浓度对去除率也影响显著,硝酸盐浓度<20mg-N/L时,硝酸盐的残余量保持在0.5mg-N/L左右,硝酸盐浓度较高时,去除率随硝酸盐初始浓度的增加而显著降低。     

Fractionation and solubility of cadmium in paddy soils amended with porous hydrated calcium silicate

Previous studies have shown that porous hydrated calcium silicate （PS） is very effective in decreasing cadmium （Cd） content in brown rice. However, it is unclear whether the PS influences cadmium transformation in soil. The present study examined the effect of PS on pH, cadmium transformation and cadmium solubility in Andosol and Alluvial soil, and also compared its effects with CaCO3, acidic porous hydrated calcium silicate （APS） and silica gel. Soil cadmium was operationally fractionationed into exchangeable （Exch）, bound to carbonates （Carb）, bound to iron and manganese oxides （FeMnOx）, bound to organic matters （OM） and residual （Res） fraction. Application of PS and CaCO3 at hig rates enhanced soil pH, while APS and silica gel did not obviously change soil pH. PS and CaCO3 also increased the FeMnOx-Cd in Andosol and Carb-Cd in Alluvial soil, thus reducing the Exch-Cd in the tested soils. However, PS was less effective than CaCO3 at the same application rate. Cadmium fractions in the two soils were not changed by the treatments of APS and silica gel. There were no obvious differences in the solubility of cadmium in soils treated with PS, APS, silica gel and CaCO3 except Andosol treated 2.0% CaCO3 at the same pH of soil-CaC12 suspensions. These findings suggested that the decrease of cadmium availability in soil was mainly attributed to the increase of soil pH caused by PS.