双表面活性剂修饰下纳米零价铁对水中Cr(Ⅵ)污染去除研究

为解决纳米级零价铁（nZVI）在环境中易团聚、易氧化的问题,强化其去除水中Cr（VI）的能力,选择非离子型表面活性剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）和阴离子表面活性剂油酸钠（NaOA）同时对nZVI进行修饰.同时,通过对比不同pH值、材料干湿状态、初始浓度及共存离子条件下的反应效果,结合材料的XRD和XPS表征、动力学实验和25℃等温线的拟合进行机理分析.结果表明：酸性条件有利于Cr（VI）的去除;材料的干湿状态对去除效率影响较大;材料去除水中Cr（VI）可在3 h内达到反应平衡,去除效率在90%以上,实验条件下最大去除量为183.1 mg·g^-1,反应过程符合准二级动力学模型及Langmuir模型;反应过程中Cr（VI）大部分转化为Cr（Ⅲ）.     

典型污染源材料中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的释放

为研究以多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）为代表的含卤半挥发性有机物（SVOCs）在室内空气中的扩散特性,在对杭州室内环境（办公室、居室）空气中PDBEs14种单体浓度检测的基础上,分析比较了不同污染源材料中PBDEs的含量,测定了材料PBDEs挥发强度系数;探究了典型污染源材料中PBDEs释放的影响因素及其相关性.结果表明,杭州室内环境空气颗粒相和气相中PBDEs平均浓度为427.26和416.46pg/m³,其中颗粒相和气相中主要特征单体均为BDE-209.所选取的9种室内常用材料的PBDEs挥发强度系数大小依次为：地毯>电线>塑料板>阻燃布>电路板>防烫桌布>保温棉>自粘墙纸>绝缘胶带.对比不同材料中各PBDEs同系组的含量：绝缘胶带、塑料板、防烫桌布、阻燃布中十溴二苯醚（deca-BDEs）的占比最高,分别为81.33%、63.83%、27.3%和34.1%;电线中四溴二苯醚（tetra-BDEs）的占比最高,为29.83%;自粘墙纸、电路板、地毯、保温棉中五溴二苯醚（penta-BDEs）的占比最高,分别为35.82%、41.25%、45.75%和38.64%.典型污染源材料中PBDEs释放的影响因素实验结果表明,环境模拟舱中的PBDEs总浓度与温度和封闭时间对数均呈显著正相关,相关系数r和显著水平P分别为r=0.811,p<0.05和r=0.883,p<0.05,且封闭时间对源释放PBDEs总浓度的影响比温度稍大.同时,污染源特征因素（材料中PBDEs的固有含量与PBDEs挥发强度系数）对源释放的影响程度比环境因素（温度和封闭时间）大.     

炉渣与生物炭施加对稻田土壤铁还原菌群落结构及甲烷排放影响

为了探究炉渣及生物炭施加处理对稻田土壤铁还原菌群落结构及甲烷排放的影响,在福州某平原稻田中分别进行施加生物炭、炉渣、生物炭+炉渣3种处理,测定早、晚稻生长期稻田甲烷排放通量和可培养铁还原菌数量,并比较施加处理与不施加处理稻田土壤铁还原菌群落结构组成之间的差异.结果表明：废弃物施加能够改变稻田土壤铁还原菌数量,晚稻生物炭施加组的铁还原菌数量显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）;废弃物施加在一定程度上抑制了稻田土壤甲烷的排放,其中早稻混合施加组对甲烷排放的降低作用最为明显;福州平原稻田土壤中铁还原菌种类丰富,分布于10个门,其中厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌门相对丰度占比之和大于95%.共鉴定出20个属,其中相对丰度较高的菌属为芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、厌氧粘细菌属（Anaeromyxobacter）、梭状芽孢杆菌属（Clostridium）等10个属,占样品中已知铁还原菌属的62.07%~66.58%;生物炭和炉渣主要通过改变土壤pH值及含水量影响稻田土壤铁还原菌群落结构,混合施加的影响比单一施加更为显著;芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）的相对丰度与稻田土壤甲烷的排放通量呈显著负相关,是稻田中抑制甲烷产生与排放的主要铁还原菌属.     

外秦淮河底泥污染及疏浚效果

外秦淮河是南京市一条重要的城市景观行洪河道,多年来受工业及生活污水影响,内源污染严重.为充分了解外秦淮河底泥污染特征,为疏浚提供决策依据,对河道上、中和下游典型断面底泥界面微环境以及营养物含量进行调查,采用有机指数法和污染指数法对底泥污染状况进行评估,同时根据污染物垂向分布特征模拟清淤对底泥内源释放削减的影响.结果表明,上中下游底泥界面以上DO均值分别为4.62、 3.25和3.41mg·L^-1,且分别在4.4、 3.5和5.5 mm处消耗殆尽,是典型的城市河道污染特征体现.调查河段表层底泥的ω(TN)、ω(TP)和ω(OM)均值分别为1 734mg·kg^-1、 1 337 mg·kg^-1和4.82%,底泥TN和OM的有机污染指数均值为0.48,处于尚清洁水平,TP的单项污染指数均值为3.18,处于重度污染水平.模拟30 cm清淤深度结果表明,底泥SRP和Fe²⁺的释放速率较清淤前分别削减42%～82%和88%～96%,而NH⁺₄-N的释放速率却较清淤前有...     

三峡库区支流库湾消落带土壤磷形态赋存特征及其释放风险

三峡库区消落带经历反复的淹水-落干循环影响,消落带土壤磷迁移转化过程加快,可能加剧支流库湾水体富营养化.采集了三峡库区腹心支流库湾典型消落带土壤,测定磷赋存形态与磷素饱和度(DPS)等,分析磷释放风险.结果表明,(1)消落带土壤ω[总磷(TP)]、ω[无机磷(IP)]和ω[有机磷(OP)]均值分别为771.80、485.33和166.30 mg·kg^-1,IP和OP均以非活性形态磷为主.(2)消落带土壤形态磷的赋存格局受落干-淹水方式影响,Ex-P和NaHCO₃-Po含量显著高于对照土壤,Fe-P、HCl-Po和Fulvic-Po含量沿高程下降而显著降低(P<0.05),反复的干湿交替促进了消落带土壤活性磷的生成和中等活性磷的释放和积累.(3)消落带土壤生物ω[有效磷(Bio-P)]为49.19～148.78 mg·kg^-1,占TP的质量分数为7.71%～24.78%,磷素饱和度(DPS)为5.85%～22.00%.目前,支流库湾消落带土壤整体磷释放风险较低,170 m高程土壤需要重点关注.Fe-P、HCl-Po和...     

Carbon Pool Dynamics in the Lower Fraser Basin from 1827 to 1990

/ To understand the total impact of humans on the carbon cycle, themodeling and quantifying of the transfer of carbon from terrestrial pools tothe atmosphere is becoming more critical. Using previously published data,this research sought to assess the change in carbon pools caused by humans inthe Lower Fraser Basin (LFB) in British Columbia, Canada, since 1827 anddefine the long-term, regional contribution of carbon to the atmosphere. Theresults indicate that there has been a transfer of 270 Mt of carbon frombiomass pools in the LFB to other pools, primarily the atmosphere. The majorlosses of biomass carbon have been from logged forests (42%), wetlands(14%), and soils (43%). Approximately 48% of the forestbiomass, almost 20% of the carbon of the LFB, lies within old-growthforest, which covers only 19% of the study area. Landfills are nowbecoming a major sink of carbon, containing 5% of the biomass carbonin the LFB, while biomass carbon in buildings, urban vegetation, mammals, andagriculture is negligible. Approximately 26% of logged forest biomasswould still be in a terrestrial biomass pool, leaving 238 Mt of carbon thathas been released to the atmosphere. On an area basis, this is 29 times theaverage global emissions of carbon, providing an indication of the pastcontributions of developed countries such as Canada to global warming andpossible contributions from further clearing of rainforest in both tropicaland temperate regions.KEY WORDS: Carbon pools; Global warming; Carbon release to atmosphere;Greenhouse effect     

Elements of Carbon Balance in Oligotrophic Bogs

Elements of carbon balance of oligotrophic bogs were studied using an example of the landscape profile of the Klyuch River in 1998–2000. Carbon balance was preliminarily calculated taking into account the biological productivity, release of carbon dioxide and methane, and carbon outflow with bog waters. Based on the data obtained on the carbon inflow and outflow, the conclusion was made concerning the progressive peat formation in the region studied.     

两种掺气水流的计算模型比较

在污水压力输送管道中，污水中气体的存在会影响液体的流动，以污水管中的气、液相流为研究对象，运用集中空穴模型（气泡离散分布模型）和均匀分布模型两种计算方法，来研究停泵水锤过程的压力和流速的变化趋势，实例计算结果表，在设有止回阀的水锤现象中，利用离散分布模型所得的最高水位要比利用均匀分布模型的计算值高，在不设止回阀的水锤现象中，两者的结构基本保持一致。均匀分布模型假定气体在水中呈均匀分布，因此在计算断面上的气体量变化不如离散分布模型来得剧烈，其水位正峰值比离散分布模型低，负峰值比离散分布模型高。     

Impact of anions on the heavy metals release from marine sediments

Marine sediments from Lianshan Bay in Huludao, China, were studied in laboratory. A series of simulated experiments were carried out to investigate the influences of three kinds of anions CL^-, SO4^2- and HCO3^- on the release ofCd, Pb, Cu and Zn from the sediments. The results showed that the sequences about the impact of the three anions were Cl^-〉HCO3^-〉SO4^2＋. The release potential of heavy metals in the presence of each anions was in the following order： Cd≥Cu 〉Zn≈Pb. The correlations were positive between CI content and the quantity of Cd released from the marine sediment, whereas there was no significant relationship between CI content and amount of Cu and Zn released. For SO4^2- and HCO3^-, the release of the heavy metals from marine sediments was not obvious.