MODEL STUDIES OF SALT WATER INTRUSION1

Model studies were and are still being used to verify certain theories in ground-water flow systems in general. In complex cases, the model studies may be extremely useful especially when a theoretical rigorous analysis does not exist. The models cannot be considered entirely satisfactory due to the several drawbacks in each type in addition to the normal human errors in experimentation. This paper is concerned only with the viscous flow models. However, a brief summary of the other types of models, which may possibly be used in connection with salt water intrusion problems is given. It should be noted that some of such experiments are not directly related to the field of salt water intrusion. Two main types lie within this category: The gravity flow systems which are analogous to some phases of salt intrusion problems and problems in oil fields which bear general similarities to sea water intrusion zones. In oil fields, gas cycling studies give valuable information to sea water problems. Model studies are used by hydraulic engineers, geologists, petroleum engineers, physicists, foundation engineers and several other professional groups.     

Epilithic Diatoms in an Alpine Lake (Traunsee,Austria) Affected by Soda and Salt Mining Industries

Traunsee, a 191 m deep Alpine lake in Austria, is affected by industrial tailings from the soda and salt mining industries since 1883. In 1998 littoral water chloride concentrations ranged between 40 and 85 mg L^-1 and the highest conductivity was 560 S cm^-1, which is almost double as high as the values reported from the two nearby reference lakes. Chloride concentrations increased towards the location of the industrial salt and soda emission into the lake. Analogously to the chloride gradient, the epilithic littoral diatom flora changes towards the waste inlet. Shifts in the species percentages towards the emission source, a high percentage of taxa with large conductivity tolerances, the presence of a small Achnanthes minutissima Kützing morphotype, and occurrences of taxa focused at habitats of higher electrolyte content, indicate subtle impacts on the epilithic diatom flora. An analysis of the seasonal succession of the epilithic diatoms at the waste inlet compared to a lake intern reference site, reveals that only during the late summer period in 1998 the diatom assemblage at the waste inlet became significantly different, indicating seasonally restricted effects of the industrial emissions.     

THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE SADDLE RIVER1

ABSTRACT: A three-year study has been conducted on a 4.6 mile stretch of the Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey. The primary objectives of this investigation were (1) to provide baseline information on the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Saddle River; (2) to qualitatively evaluate which parameters affect this distribution; and (3) to determine the effect of urbanization on the concentration and distribution of these materials. Significant enrichments of several heavy metals were observed in bottom sediments of the lower Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey, as compared to the upper Saddle River. Attempts to correlate metal concentrations in bottom sediments with chemical-oxygen demand were not successful in demonstrating a relationship between these two factors. Metal concentrations were found to be strongly dependent upon particle size. In general, metal concentrations in bottom sediments increased with decreasing partical diameter. However, metals enrichment was observed to be considerably greater in the larger sediment fractions studied (>420μ) than the smaller sediment fractions as one proceeded downstream through the urban area. Since the larger sediment fractions are least effected by scour and transport they may best reflect the effect of urbanization on the distribution of heavy metals over an extended period of time at a given location.     

EFFECTS OF CHELATED IRON ON THE GROWTH OF TWO SPECIES OF VALLISNERIA1

ABSTRACT: Iron, added as (Fe-EDTA)^-, was found stimulatory to V. spiralis at a concentration of 0.05 ppm. (Fe-EDTA)^- had no effect upon growth of V. neotropicalis as measured by changes in dissolved oxygen and dry weight. Results are compared with those derived from similar studies with Hydrilla verticillata and Egeria densa. The implications of lake drawdown and aeration are discussed.     

钠盐量影响下DD6单晶高温合金的高温热腐蚀规律研究

目的 开展镍基单晶高温合金DD6在950 ℃下的热盐腐蚀试验(95%Na2SO4+5%NaCl)，探明涂盐量和涂盐方式(周期涂盐和单次涂盐)对DD6高温热腐蚀的影响规律和机理。方法 结合扫描电子显微镜、X射线能量色散谱、X射线衍射等设备，对不同涂盐量及涂盐方式下DD6的表面及横截面形貌进行观察分析，分析不同涂盐量和涂盐方式下DD6的高温热腐蚀机理。结果 DD6在950 ℃下主要发生碱性熔融热腐蚀，同时伴随氧化、硫化和氯化等过程。高温热腐蚀使得DD6合金表面生成的保护性氧化膜被熔融态的腐蚀介质破坏，导致O、S、Cl等外部元素通过氧化膜的缺陷进入DD6基体中，在合金的亚表面发生内氧化、内硫化以及内氯化反应，横截面上出现明显的腐蚀层，其主要由氧化物以及硫化物组成。随着热腐蚀的进行，DD6表面物质发生了剥蚀，沉积盐量的增加导致剥蚀现象越加严重，合金内部致密的组织结构也被破坏，横截面上出现了大量孔洞、裂纹等缺陷。在相同涂盐量下，周期涂盐法使得DD6的腐蚀程度高于单次涂盐法。结论 DD6高温热腐蚀行为与涂盐量及涂盐方式密切相关，相同涂盐方式下，涂盐量越大，DD6热腐蚀更加严重。涂盐量一定时，周期涂盐法使得DD6的热腐蚀剧烈程度大于单次涂盐法，且DD6在上述热腐蚀条件下均发生剥蚀破坏。     

Discussion of Chicgoua Noubactep on “Removal of thiobencarb in aqueous solution by zero valent iron” by Md. Nurul Amin et al. [Chemosphere 70 (3) (2008) 511–515]

The following comments are proposed to clarify some related issues on the use of zero valent iron micrometric particles for the treatment of a thiobencarb pesticide solution published in a recent article by Nurul Amin et al., [Nurul Amin Md., Kaneco, S., Kato, T., Katsumata, H., Susuki, T., Otha, K., 2008. Removal of thiobencarb in aqueous solution by zero valent iron. Chemosphere 70 (3), 511–515], and discussed later by Chicgoua Noubactep.     

铁还原菌shewanella oneidensis MR-1对根表铁膜中砷运移的影响

水稻根表铁膜是控制砷在根际-植物体系转运的重要区域,但是其中铁还原微生物对砷运移的作用并不清楚.实验以吸附砷磷的水铁矿以及野外采集水稻根系为研究对象,分析铁还原菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1还原铁膜内铁氧化物过程中,铁还原、砷释放和固定速率.研究表明铁还原菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1可以将水稻根表铁膜中的Fe(Ⅲ)快速还原为Fe(Ⅱ)并释放到溶液中.溶液中的砷在48 h内达到最大值18μmol·L-1,之后逐渐下降,120 h之后,与最大值相比减少了约60%.利用吸附砷的水铁矿模拟铁膜砷释放过程发现,微生物的固定作用是造成溶液中砷含量下降的主要原因之一.本研究表明,促进根际微生物的大量生长,可能是降低土壤环境中砷风险的途径之一.     

木兰县饮用水源地水质状况分析研究

2012年木兰县监测站对木兰县饮用水源地水质状况进行了监测,监测了六项常规的监测项目,其中包括:pH、总硬度、铁、锰、浑浊度、总大肠菌群.通过这些监测数据可知,木兰县饮用水源地中pH、总硬度、浑浊度均能达到中国《生活饮用水卫生标准》和国家《地下水质量标准》(GB 14848-93)规定,总大肠菌群四个季度均未检出,但铁的含量在第三季度出现超标情况,锰的含量在第一、二、三季度出现超标,本文分析了超标的成因及处理的方法,并提出建议.     

纳氏试剂比色法测定氨氮的市售试剂检查方法研究

纳氏试剂比色法是测定水中氨氮的常用方法,分析所用的市售试剂纳氏试剂和酒石酸钾钠品种较多,选择国产与进口两种纳氏试剂和三种国产酒石酸钾钠批次试剂进行了筛选实验.通过不同反应时间校准曲线分析、检出限、加标回收率、外观、试剂杂质含量等多方面考察了试剂测定水体氨氮的适用性,初步确定了适合水样氨氮监测的试剂,并为市售试剂的可靠性提供了可行的检验方法,对实验室样品分析过程中的试剂控制具有一定的指导意义.     

铁基硅盐对土壤环境镉砷赋存形态及转化影响

为探明铁基硅盐对土壤镉砷赋存形态影响及各形态间转化规律,采用室内长期淹水培养吸附实验,研究不同比例铁硅材料对土壤离子态镉砷活性影响;筛选适宜铁基硅盐(FS)配比同时添加腐殖酸(FSC)和金属氧化物(FSCa),明确复配处理土壤中镉砷分级形态转化程度.结果显示,铁:硅比值增加10%,土壤pH值平均降低0.35;F₂-S₈处理土壤离子态镉降幅71%;F₁₀-S₀处理土壤离子态砷降低59.9%,离子态镉砷含量与硅酸盐-铁盐施用量互呈反比;处理F₄-S₆和F₆-S₄之间镉、砷钝化率产生交点,约为25%~30%.土壤中镉主要以可溶态为主,占比58%;砷主要以铁铝氧化态和钙结合态为主,占比40%和23%.铁硅比例为5:5或5.5:4.5左右复配能有效将铝结合态砷和铁铝氧化态砷转变为钙结合态砷和残渣态砷,可溶态镉转化为碳酸盐结合态镉以及铁锰氧化态镉,同步降低土壤中镉砷的活性.