Effects of Electron-Beam Irradiation and Ultraviolet Light (365 nm) on Polylactic Acid Plastic Films

Strips of Ca-I [polylactic acid (PLA) monolayer plastic films from Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, Minnetonka, MN] cut in the machine and nonmachine directions were irradiated with an electron beam using a CIRCLE III Linear Accelerator (MeV Industries S.A., Jouy-en-Josas, Cedex, France). The effects of 33-kGy irradiation on the physical properties of the Ca-I strips were studied. In addition, the effects of ultraviolet (UV) light (365-nm) illumination on the degradation of three PLA plastic films, Ch-I (PLA monolayer plastic films from Chronopol, Golden, CO), GII (PLA trilayer plastic films from Cargill Dow Polymers LLC), MN), and Ca-I (PLA monolayer plastic films from Cargill Dow Polymers LLC) were analyzed by a modified ASTM D5208-91 method. Results showed that irradiation had decreased the weight-average molecular weight (M _w), stress at break, percentage of elongation, and strain energy of Ca-I by 35.5, 26.7, 32.3, and 44.8%, respectively (P < 0.01). The shelf life of the irradiated Ca-I strips at 5°C and <20 ± 5% RH was about 6 months. The degradation rate of Ch-I, GII, and Ca-I with no UV light treatment at 55°C and 10% RH was 2512, 5618, and 3785 M _w/week, respectively. Under the UV light illumination (365 nm), the degradation rate of Ch-I, GII, and Ca-I, was 2982, 8722, and 7467 M _w/week, respectively. Hence, the degradation rate of GII and Ca-I was increased 55 and 97% by UV light (P < 0.008), respectively. This trend was not observed in Ch-I because its starting M _w (78,000 g/mol) was close to the tensile strength lost range (50,000 to 75,000 g/mol) of PLA films. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that UV light does further enhance the degradation of PLA films.     

河流汇合处水体磷素形态特征及紫外光照的影响：以渠江-嘉陵江、涪江-嘉陵江交汇为例

以渠江-嘉陵江、涪江-嘉陵江交汇处水体为研究对象,探究了河流交汇处水体磷素形态特征及紫外光照的影响.水体磷形态分析结果表明,研究的所有水体中总磷浓度均超过水体富营养化阈值(0.2 mmol·m-3),支流汇入干流前后,研究水体中总磷(TP)主要由总溶解性磷(TDP)组成,而溶解性无机磷(DIP)是TDP的主要组成部分.两支流汇入嘉陵江后,干流水体中各形态磷浓度均较干流汇合前升高,颗粒态磷(PP)增幅最大,达到129%.按水体相对分子质量(Mr)分级结果表明,溶解态高相对分子质量组分(0.5×103~10×103)中的磷为溶解性磷(DP,<0.22μm)主要成分,达到47%~61%,渠江和涪江两支流汇入干流后,嘉陵江水体不同相对分子质量组分中的磷含量并未发生较大变化.通过紫外光照后,游离态组分(<0.5×103)中的磷含量明显增加,增幅在10%~29%,其余两组分中磷含量均降低,和涪江-嘉陵江汇合处样本相比,渠江-嘉陵江汇合处水体胶体态组分(Mr10×103~0.22μm)中磷含量降幅大于前者.通过紫外光照实验,证明了紫外光照是影响水体中磷素地球化学过程的重要环境因素.     

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol on different phases of TiO(2) particles in aqueous suspensions under UV irradiation

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol on different phases of TiO₂ particles was examined under 400-W UV irradiation. The effects of various operating parameters including TiO₂ dosage, solution pH (4–10), and initial phenol concentration (0.13–1.05 mM) on phenol degradation were investigated. Three forms of TiO₂ photocatalysts such as pure anatase phase, pure rutile phase, and the mixed phase were prepared by sol-gel method and followed annealing at different temperatures. The annealing temperature used were 500 °C, 700 °C and 900 °C for pure anatase phase, the mixed phase, and pure rutile phase, respectively. It was shown that pure anatase TiO₂ exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than the physical mixture of pure anatase and rutile TiO₂. Moreover, the TiO₂ particle with a specific fraction of mixed anatase and rutile phases exhibited better performance than pure anatase TiO₂. Finally, the degradation rate could be satisfactorily fitted by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model.     

超声波除藻的机制以及安全性研究进展

超声波空化氧化是一种新兴的除藻技术。较之其他的除藻工艺,超声波有着无可比拟的优势,越来越受到重视。本文就超声波除藻技术研究中的热点问题——超声波除藻的机制以及超声波除藻的水质安全性的最新研究进展进行综述,并指出这些研究中存在的一些问题以及未来可能的研究方向。     

Selective photoreduction of acetonitrile to acetaldehyde in dilute aqueous solutions

Acetonitrile is a commonly used solvent in both industry and research. The treatment of acetonitrile wastes in dilute aqueous solutions with visible light offers advantages to chemical treatment and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. This study presents the degradation of acetonitrile via a photoinduced electron transfer reaction in the presence of a photosensitizer (dye) and a sacrificial reductant under visible light. Acetonitrile photodegradation (photoreduction) was investigated utilizing a variety of sacrificial reductants and photosensitizers. Optimal results were observed in the presence of methylene green and tri-isopropanolamine with a decrease of acetonitrile in solution to 86% in 24 hours. The only photoreaction product observed was acetaldehyde and a plausible mechanism for the photochemical degradation of acetonitrile is proposed.     

深部大跨度泥质顶板剪切冒落失稳区预测研

为了预测深部大跨度泥质顶板剪切冒落失稳区范围,基于泥岩峰后黏聚力软化-内摩擦角硬化的力学特性,获得了基于Mohr-Coulomb理论的泥岩峰后黏聚力软化-内摩擦角硬化的力学模型及参数,构建了深部大跨度泥质巷道数值模型,提出了泥岩峰后各强度参数变化对巷道顶板剪切破坏区的影响范围。结果表明:泥岩在峰后剪切破坏过程中具有明显的黏聚力软化-内摩擦角硬化特性;基于泥岩峰后黏聚力软化-内摩擦角硬化计算获得的巷道顶板剪切冒落高度小于黏聚力软化-内摩擦角软化的计算高度;巷道顶板潜在剪切破坏区位置及范围与泥岩峰后黏聚力软化-内摩擦角硬化计算结果十分接近。     

再生水紫外线-氯联合消毒工艺特性研究

以二级出水作为消毒对象,比较了紫外线-氯联合消毒与单一紫外线消毒对水中肠道指示菌的灭活效果,考察了联合消毒工艺副产物(三卤甲烷)生成情况.结果表明,单一紫外线消毒对肠道指示菌的灭活曲线在剂量大于10mJ/cm2时存在拖尾现象,剂量为80mJ/cm2时对总大肠菌群最高对数灭活率约为2.5;而在紫外线剂量20mJ/cm2、氯投加量8mg/L(接触时间30min)条件下,紫外线-氯联合消毒对总大肠菌群的对数灭活率达到7.0.20mJ/cm2紫外线与8mg/L氯消毒组合及80mJ/cm2紫外线与3mg/L氯消毒组合均可有效灭活总大肠菌群浓度至3CFU/L以下.经紫外线照射后再氯消毒,二级出水中三卤甲烷生成量仅为10~55mg/L.80mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒后三卤甲烷生成量略高于20mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒的情形.紫外线消毒后投加氯消毒,可有效提高再生水消毒效果,控制消毒副产物生成量.     

微波辐射烟杆氯化锌法制造活性炭工艺

提出了利用烟杆废料制造活性炭的新工艺.采用正交试验法对影响活性炭性能的因素,如微波辐射的功率、辐射时间、氯化锌浓度等进行了系统研究,得到了最佳工艺条件:微波辐射功率750 W,辐射时间7 min,氯化锌浓度为50%,利用该工艺条件所制备活性炭的产率为34.7%,亚甲蓝脱色力为17 mL/0.1 g,碘吸附值为1 093.4 mg/g.对比该活性炭与市售一级活性炭的微观结构,发现其具有更发达的微观孔隙结构.同传统方法相比,微波辐射法缩短了工艺时间,提高了产品性能.     

紫外诱变筛选高效氧化亚铁硫杆菌

为了取得高效氧化亚铁硫杆菌（T.f菌）,采用紫外线诱变处理,对照射1.5 min,3 min,5 min的菌株进行实验测试,结果表明,T.f3将Fe^2＋完全氧化由7 d缩短为5 d,并且在较低SO3^2-浓度范围内,Fe2＋浓度与SO3^2-的氧化速率呈正相关性,但当菌液浓度一定时,增加Fe2＋浓度,SO3^2-的氧化速率不会明显增加。     

酸碱预处理对常压微波辐射剩余活性污泥磷释放的影响

考察了污泥酸、碱预处理在常压微波处理过程中对碳、氮、磷释放的影响.结果表明,NaOH预处理将污泥磷释放率从28.8%提高到59.1%,但同时引起了碳、氮的大量释放.同碱预处理相比,硫酸预处理能够将常压微波辐射作用下污泥磷的释放率提高3倍,达到84.5%,并可达到选择性释放碳、氮、磷的效果（氮和COD释放少,而磷释放显著）,有利于后续的磷回收.优化试验表明,pH为2.1～2.2是常压微波辐射作用下污泥磷释放的最佳硫酸预处理条件.