天津污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的提取、净化和测定

研究了天津污灌区严重污染土壤中 1 6种多环芳烃的提取和测定方法 .考察了加速溶剂提取的提取条件、样品净化方法和GC MS测定条件 .结果表明 ,在 1 4 0℃用1∶1二氯甲烷和丙酮提取 5min ,硅胶柱净化后用GC MS测定可以得到很好的效果 .方法回收率在 5 7%— 1 4 0 %之间 ,检测限为 3 5× 1 0 - 4— 1 1× 1 0 - 3 mg·l- 1,且重现性较好 .天津代表性污灌水稻土中 1 6种PAHs的实测浓度为 0 0 7— 1 2 7mg·kg- 1.     

沈阳市地铁疏干水的利用探析

针对沈阳市地铁疏干水利用的现状,综合考虑沈阳市的实际情况,总结出地铁疏干水利用的几种方法,主要包括作为运河、湖泊的补换水源,用于修复、重建湿地,农业灌溉用水以及作为水源热泵的水源等。提出沈阳市地铁疏干水利用的指导思想和法律保障。     

Cluster analysis and quality assessment of logged water at an irrigation project, eastern Saudi Arabia

A multivariate statistical technique, cluster analysis, was used to assess the logged surface water quality at an irrigation project at Al-Fadhley, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The principal idea behind using the technique was to utilize all available hydrochemical variables in the quality assessment including trace elements and other ions which are not considered in conventional techniques for water quality assessments like Stiff and Piper diagrams. Furthermore, the area belongs to an irrigation project where water contamination associated with the use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides is expected. This quality assessment study was carried out on a total of 34 surface/logged water samples. To gain a greater insight in terms of the seasonal variation of water quality, 17 samples were collected from both summer and winter seasons. The collected samples were analyzed for a total of 23 water quality parameters including pH, TDS, conductivity, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate, phosphate, bromide, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, arsenic, boron, copper, cobalt, iron, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, mercury and zinc. Cluster analysis in both Q and R modes was used. Q-mode analysis resulted in three distinct water types for both the summer and winter seasons. Q-mode analysis also showed the spatial as well as temporal variation in water quality. R-mode cluster analysis led to the conclusion that there are two major sources of contamination for the surface/shallow groundwater in the area: fertilizers, micronutrients, pesticides, and insecticides used in agricultural activities, and non-point natural sources.     

Predicting Satisfaction with Smart Irrigation Controllers and Their Long‐Term Use among Homeowners in Central Florida

Studies throughout Florida have shown smart controllers can substantially reduce irrigation under residential high‐water use conditions. However, successful promotion requires understanding the link between controller performance and the mechanisms by which they are adopted. This article compares irrigation water‐use and survey data collected from households installed with soil moisture sensor and evapotranspiration controllers. The study investigated whether the relative change in irrigation use between two years preceding and two years following installation was a reliable predictor of a homeowner's satisfaction with the device and likelihood of continuing to use it. Results indicated relative changes in irrigation use were only significantly associated with the quality of controller programming. Satisfaction with the controller was largely attributable to satisfaction with the appearance of the landscape and the perceived water‐saving effectiveness of the controller whereas the likelihood of its continued use was only significantly predicted by the level of technical knowledge regarding its functioning and whether or not challenges were experienced with it. Targeting homeowners with supplemental user‐friendly information may best support their long‐term adoption of smart controllers while providing irrigation contractors with training in implementation techniques would represent an integrated strategy for added reductions in residential outdoor water use.     

河北省典型污灌区农田镉污染特征及环境风险评价

以河北省石家庄市典型历史污灌区农田为研究对象,对污灌区内土壤和小麦、玉米植株内Cd的含量进行分析,评价污灌区农田Cd污染程度、潜在生态风险和潜在健康风险.结果表明,上游污灌区和中下游污灌区土壤表层Cd含量分别为ND～3.88、0.10～2.30 mg·kg~(-1),明显高于清灌区(0.13～0.23 mg·kg~(-1))及河北土壤背景值(0.094 mg·kg~(-1)),超农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(0.3 mg·kg~(-1))点位分别达42.9%和35.2%;小麦和玉米籽粒平均Cd含量均未超标,小麦籽粒富集浓度高于玉米,污灌区小麦和玉米籽粒已出现明显累积现象.潜在生态风险表明上游污灌区和中下游污灌区表层土壤基本处于轻度～中度风险,部分区域生态风险较高～极高.健康风险评价结果表明Cd通过皮肤、呼吸、经口摄入暴露途径对人体健康造成的风险在可接受范围内.研究结果为污灌区农田土壤的安全利用和管理决策依据,并为开展农田土壤修复工程提供科学参考.     

附着硅藻指数在河流水质监测中的适用性技术研究

对广西龙江和柳江中段共18个样点进行了附着硅藻的采样调查,并采用相关分析法、主成分分析法、最优分割分类法、箱须图法、逐步判别分析法和双向指示种分类法等数学方法研究分析了16个硅藻指数在龙江与柳江中段水质监测中的适用性.结果表明,3次4组不同水质类别中,IPS(Specific Pollution Sensitivity Index)和TDI(Trophic Diatom Index)指数与样点的箱须图都表现出合理的趋势,而且IPS和TDI间、及与环境因子及其他硅藻指数间的相关性显著.表明IPS和TDI适合进行龙江与柳江中段的水质生物监测评价,而本文提出的硅藻指数适用性技术也具有一定的推广价值.     

兰格缪尔等温式的适用性分析——以黄土吸持铜离子为例

在不同土壤浓度条件下进行了黄土对铜离子的等温吸持实验（包括吸附与沉淀）。利用兰格缪尔（Langmuir）等温式对实验结果进行拟合时发现：黄土对铜离子的吸持结果在形式上仍可用传统的Langmuir等温式来描述，但式中的相关参数已经不再具有原来的物理意义。本文分析了Langmuir等温式在黄土对铜离子吸持时的适用性，指出其参数变化与铜离子的吸附关系不大，而与沉淀密切相关。     

天津污灌区苯并（a）芘、荧蒽和菲生态毒性的风险表征

运用概率风险评价方法表征和比较了天津污灌区3种多环芳烃对生物影响的风险性。根据各物质的环境暴露浓度和相应急性毒性值的累计概率分布曲线估计了各物质相对风险性的大小。采用联合概率曲线方式比较了不同暴露概率水平条件下3种多环芳烃的相对风险。结果表明，该地区目前菲的总体风险性高于另两种化合物，苯并（a)芘的总体风险性最低。而低暴露风险条件下（受威胁生物不超过20％），苯并（a)芘的风险较大，菲次之，荧蒽风险相对较低。     

再生水灌溉对苜蓿生长及养分吸收的影响

论文在盆栽条件下,研究了再生水灌溉对苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.‘Algonquin’)生长及养分吸收的影响。试验设置了清水、再生水两种灌水类型,高、中、低3个不同灌水水平。结果表明:同一灌水类型条件下,苜蓿植株生长高度随灌水量减少而降低,同一灌水水平下,灌溉水类型对植株高度无明显影响;不同的灌水水平对植株侧枝数的影响差异不显著,但灌溉水类型对植株侧枝数影响差异显著,所有处理中再生水高水平灌溉侧枝数增幅最大;与清水相比,再生水灌溉能显著增加苜蓿干物质产量;在苜蓿生长前期,再生水灌溉对苜蓿根系生长具有阻碍作用;灌溉水类型对苜蓿植株体内吸收氮、磷、钙、镁吸收量的影响主要在其生长前期,灌溉水类型对苜蓿体内钾含量无明显影响。     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.