Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

再生水用于都市绿地灌溉的研究进展

污水再利用具有节水和治污双重功能,用于绿地灌溉意义重大。综述了再生水灌溉对绿地土壤、植物、地下水的影响。着重介绍了国外的研究情况,分析了其试验结果及影响因素,表明虽然再生水中的一些有害成分会发生积累,但由于处理工艺、降雨等因素影响,对绿地生态系统影响不大,使用再生水灌溉绿地是切实可行的。     

再生水灌溉区土壤对头孢噻肟的吸附特征

采用批吸附实验法比较了再生水灌溉区汪洋沟流域两种土壤和底泥对头孢噻肟的吸附及其动力学特性,并探讨了土壤与底泥不同pH、阳离子强度及可溶性腐殖酸对头孢噻肟吸附能力的影响。结果表明:汪洋沟段清水灌溉土壤、污水灌溉土壤及底泥均对头孢噻肟有较强的吸附能力,对头孢噻肟的吸附能力从强到弱依次为清水灌溉土壤>污水灌溉土壤>底泥。土壤与底泥对头孢噻肟的吸附行为通过等温吸附模型模拟,其中Freundlich方程拟合效果最好。在pH 4.0~9.0的范围内,土壤与底泥对头孢噻肟的吸附系数随着pH的增大而减少;随着土壤溶液中阳离子浓度的增加,头孢噻肟的吸附量呈非线性减少趋势;添加可溶性腐殖酸后的土壤对头孢噻肟的吸附能力减弱。     

撒施阻控材料快速去除上覆水Cd对的室内模拟研究

湘中矿区塘、水库等灌溉水体及其底泥重金属超标问题日益凸显,研究选取石灰、水稻秸秆生物炭和人造沸石等3种环境友好型土壤重金属阻控材料,通过室内玻璃柱模拟静止水体实验探讨水面缓慢撒施阻控材料对上覆水重金属Cd去除与底泥Cd有效性影响。为期60 d的实验结果显示,1%（0~20 cm表层底泥质量分数）的单一石灰、生物炭、沸石与石灰+生物炭+人造沸石配方（质量比1∶1∶1）4种处理均可明显快速去除上覆水中水溶态Cd质量浓度,其中石灰效果最佳,沸石效果最差,石灰与3种阻控剂组配处理均可使上覆水中水溶态Cd质量浓度由20 μg·L-1以上降至10 μg·L-1,符合我国灌溉水Cd的限定标准。阻控材料自然沉积在底泥表面后对5 cm处底泥水溶液Cd质量浓度具有一定的消减效应,沸石效果优于石灰、生物炭处理,其中"石灰+生物炭+沸石"的不同粒径阻控材料组配方式效果最佳。石灰、生物炭、沸石及3种阻控剂组配处理60 d后底泥pH值依然略高于对照,差异不显著,但可交换态Cd含量明显低于对照。结果可为塘库型水体上覆水及底泥Cd等重金属污染的生态风险降低及控制措施研究提供科学参考与方法指导。     

覆膜方式和灌溉对夏玉米产量及农田碳排放强度的影响

为探讨不同覆膜方式和灌溉对夏玉米农田产量和温室气体排放的影响,本研究设计了雨养(R)和灌溉(I)这两个主处理,对照(CK)、半膜覆盖(HM)和全膜覆盖(FM)这3个副处理,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法监测了2014和2015年土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的排放通量,并借助碳排放强度(GHGI)指标进一步评价了不同覆膜方式的固碳减排效果.结果表明,与RCK相比,RHM和RFM在2014年增产作用不明显,而2015年分别增加19. 6%和26. 8%;与ICK相比,IHM增产作用不显著,而IFM在2014和2015年均显著增产,达到14. 1%和55. 8%.灌溉仅对2015年CO_2排放有显著促进作用(P 0. 01),同一主处理下覆膜方式对CO_2排放没有显著影响(P 0. 05).灌溉对CH_4吸收没有显著影响(P 0. 05),覆膜对CH_4吸收具有抑制作用. ICK相比RCK,N_2O排放量仅在2015年存在显著性差异,显著减少了22. 3%;与RCK相比,RHM和RFM在2014年N_2O排放量差异不显著,2015年分别显著降低了50. 7%和51. 4%; IHM和IFM与ICK相比,2014年N_2O排放分别显著减少了47. 5%和54. 2%,2015年分别减少了9. 6%和52. 2%.灌溉可以通过提高产量从而显著降低GHGI;与RCK相比,RHM和RFM的GHGI仅在2015年显著降低,分别达到60. 1%和61. 7%;与ICK相比,IHM和IFM在2014年GHGI分别显著降低了39. 7%和53. 2%,2015年分别降低了22. 2%和67. 5%,即全膜覆盖降低GHGI的效果优于半膜覆盖.因此,对夏玉米种植而言,灌溉条件下全膜覆盖能保证作物高产稳产并降低农田碳排放强度.     

ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE LIMITED IRRIGATION-DRYLANI) (LID) FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEM'

ABSTRACT: Changes in cropping patterns, water use, and profitability of producing sorghum with the LID (Limited Irrigation-Dryland) furrow irrigation system were compared with conventional irrigation practices. A recursive linear programming model was used to assess the economic impacts over a ten-year period. The analysis of various water resource situations in the High Plains of Texas indicated the LID system increased irrigated sorghum acreage over conventional practices. Although less irrigated and dryland wheat was generally produced, present value of returns increased from about $18 per acre to $50 per acre. Water use was slightly higher in most situations when using the LID system.     

A RAWLSIAN EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA1

ABSTRACT: This paper critically evaluates the nature of irrigation distribution in India using the Rawlsian criterion of equity in dis. tribution and estimates the performance of different states in India according to the Rawlsian notion of fairness in distribution. It is found that there is considerable inequality across farm-size groups in the distribution of irrigated areas in general and canal irrigated areas in particular, and that there are wide interstate differences in the levels of this inequality. Further, it is found that switching over to a Rawlsian based distribution of canal irrigation will help in reducing the levels of inequality in overall irrigation distribution in all states.     

滑坡预报模型和预报判据

滑坡时间预报的核心是预报模型和预报判据的建立。本文通过查阅大量资料，总结了滑坡预报中的多种预报模型和预报判据，重点对其适用性进行了分析研究。为了提高滑坡的预报水平，本文认为滑坡预报必须建立在深入研究滑坡类型、滑坡特征、变形特点和形成机制的基础上，以监测资料为依据，将滑坡预报理论模型、预报判据以及根据斜坡的宏观变形破坏迹象和前兆信息等几者有机地结合起来，建立滑坡预报的综合信息预报方法。     

基于野外实测光谱的污灌区土壤重金属污染快速监测

利用光谱反射率反演土壤重金属含量相比传统实验室化学分析方法具有简单高效、成本低、非侵入性等优点。但光谱采集主要局限于实验室内,大大降低了监测的时效性。采集了龙口市污水灌溉区内的32个土壤样本,对9种重金属(Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb)进行了测定,并对土壤光谱进行了野外实测,同时对实测光谱进行光谱变换,提取了去除包络线(CR)、光谱倒数对数(lg(1/R))、一阶微分(RD1)、二阶微分(RD2)4种光谱指标,采用偏最小二乘回归方法(PLSR)建模。结果表明,污水灌溉区内存在严重的土壤重金属污染现象,As、Ni、Cd等重金属富集情况显著,与Fe、Mn呈显著相关的6种元素为Ni、Mn、As、Pb、Zn、Cr,相应的最优建模光谱指标分别为一阶微分(RD1)、二阶微分(RD2)、反射率(R)、反射率(R)、二阶微分(RD2)、去除包络线(CR),验证精度r分别为0.935 3、0.781 4、0.699 6、0.745 8、0.690 1、0.569 6。研究表明,利用野外实测光谱可以提高土壤重金属监测的时效性,预估土壤重金属含量具有一定的可行性,但针对不同的重金属应使用不同的光谱指标建模来达到最优效果。     

开都河灌区灌溉引水对博斯腾湖面积影响的定量分析

开都河是注入博斯腾湖的最大河流,1958～2002年间平均入湖水量达23.62×10⁸m³,占博斯腾湖总补给量的80%以上。1958年以来开都河灌区灌溉引水量维持在8.17×10⁸m³～13.18×10⁸m³之间,其中20世纪60年代灌溉引水量平均为10.14×10⁸m³/a,占开都河径流量的31.1%;70年代引水量上升到12.15×10⁸m³/a,为开都河径流量的36.5%;80年代引水量下降到11.29×10⁸m³/a,但引水量仍占开都河径流量的36.5%;90年代灌溉引水量进一步降至9.85×10⁸m³/a,仅占径流量的27.1%。通过水量平衡分析和相关回归计算,得出开都河灌区灌溉引水对博斯腾湖面积影响的数值:20世纪60年代平均值为62.4km²;70年代平均值为80.8km²;80年代、90年代分别为90.4km²、76.7km²,2000年以来平均仅为41.3km²。由此可见,45年来开都河灌区灌溉引水对博斯腾湖面积的影响经历了弱→强→弱的变化过程。