FLUME CONDITION ASSESSMENT IN COLORADO1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted in which 66 Parshall flumes used for agricultural flow measurement were assessed for physical integrity, settlement, and submergence. A total of 292 physical defects was documented. A flow measurement error analysis was performed indicating that 52 percent of the flumes measured flow beyond ±3 percent of the correct value and 41 percent of the flumes measured flow beyond ±5 percent. The findings indicate that the infrastructure is aging. The flow measurement system comprised of flumes no longer provide an accurate accounting of water through the distribution network.     

生物炭对非常规水源灌溉下土壤-作物病原菌的影响

采用根箱实验,基于定量PCR技术研究非常规水源（再生水和养殖废水）灌溉及生物炭添加后根际土、非根际土及玉米根部病原菌的赋存情况.结果发现,灌溉时间、土壤类型可显著影响土壤中病原菌的整体分布.相较于蒸馏水灌溉下根际土、非根际土的单个病原菌,再生水灌溉下病原菌变化为-0.74~0.17个数量级,养殖废水灌溉下为-0.14~0.60个数量级.生物炭对土壤中病原菌的影响因灌溉水源、灌溉时间而改变,可使再生水及养殖废水灌溉下病原菌检出量最高降低0.35、0.39个数量级.但再生水及养殖废水灌溉可使玉米根部病原菌检出量最高增加1.17、2.20个数量级,生物炭又使非常规水源灌溉下其检出量最高增加0.60、1.08个数量级,带来潜在的健康风险.     

黄淮海平原灌溉水量变化特征及其与气象干旱的关系

以黄淮海平原为研究区,以WaterGAP用水量模型的灌溉耗水量与取水量数据、scPDSI数据为基础,探讨了黄淮海平原灌溉用水量变化特征及其与气象干旱的关系。研究结果表明：黄淮海平原耗水量约占取水量的1/3,其中河北南部、河南和山东等地区用水量均高于其他地区,耕地集中分布区灌溉用水量明显高于其他地区,2003—2014年灌溉取水量呈增加趋势,约37 mm/月;黄淮海平原气象条件趋于干旱,其中2006—2014年干旱连续多发,scPDSI与灌溉取水量距平值大于0的单元数间具有显著的非线性相关关系（R²=0.60）,其中8-12月二者相关关系较为显著;气象干旱是黄淮海平原灌溉用水量增加的重要原因,在气象干旱和农业灌溉的共同影响下,研究区水储量亏损量持续增加。     

水肥气耦合对温室番茄地土壤N2O排放及番茄产量的影响

为揭示水肥气耦合对温室番茄地土壤N_2O排放的影响,提出适宜的温室番茄增产减排措施,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法监测土壤N_2O的排放,分析水肥气耦合条件下土壤温度、灌溉水利用效率(WFPS)、NO~-_3-N、O_2含量的变化规律以及N_2O排放的影响机制.加气条件下设两个灌水水平0.6 W和1.0 W(分别代表亏缺40%灌溉和充分灌溉,W代表充分灌水时的灌水量)和3个施氮水平(120、 180和240 kg·hm~(-2),分别代表低、中和高氮,以50%F、 75%F和F表示,其中F为当地推荐施氮量),以不加气充分灌溉(O为加气灌溉,CK为常规滴灌)条件下3种施肥水平为对照,共9个处理.结果表明,充分灌溉(W2F1O、W2F2O和W2F3O)的N_2O累积排放量较亏缺灌溉(W1F1O、W1F2O和W1F3O)处理平均增加了55.7%(P0.05);高氮条件下(W1F3O、W2F3O和W2F3CK)土壤N_2O排放较中氮和低氮平均增大13.4%和43.8%(P0.05),充分灌溉条件下加气处理(W2F1O、W2F2O和W2F3O)较相应不加气处理(W2F1CK、W2F2CK和W2F3CK)N_2O排放平均增加11.2%(P0.05).加气、施氮量和灌水量的增加可增加番茄产量和单产N_2O排放量.高氮处理番茄产量和单产N_2O排放量较中氮处理分别增加了12.5%(P0.05)和3.9%(P0.05),高氮处理番茄产量和单产N_2O排放量较低氮处理显著增加了30.4%和9.6%(P0.05),加气充分灌溉较加气亏缺灌溉处理番茄产量和单产N_2O排放量分别显著增加了29.7%和18.7%(P0.05),加气处理(W2F1O、W2F2O和W2F3O)较不加气处理产量(W2F1CK、W2F2CK和W2F3CK)平均增加了10.4%(P0.05),单产N_2O排放量增加但不显著.灌水量增加、施肥量降低、加气均可显著增大肥料偏生产力,减小灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE).综合考虑N_2O累积排放量、作物产量、氮肥利用效率、IWUE和单产N_2O排放量,得出加气低氮充分灌溉为较优的管理模式.本研究结果为温室番茄的增产减排提供了一定的参考.     

河套灌区地下水化学演变特征及形成机制

地下水资源是我国西北干旱区的重要资源,但不合理的开发利用导致系列生态环境问题,深入探究地下水化学演变特征及形成机制,对于地下水资源的合理利用具有重要意义.以河套灌区永济灌域为研究区,综合运用聚类分析和因子分析等统计学方法,研究了该区域地下水化学演化特征并阐明了地下水化学的形成机制,说明不同因子的影响程度.结果表明,研究区地下水阳离子以Na⁺+K⁺为主,阴离子分别以Cl^-和HCO₃^-为主,且Na⁺+K⁺和Cl^-离子具有较高的空间变异性,是决定地下水盐化的主要因子,地下水化学类型以Cl-Na、HCO₃ ·Cl ·SO₄-Na和HCO₃-Na型为主;通过聚类分析,研究区地下水可分为4类（A₁、A₂和B₁、B₂类）,其中A₁类地下水为高矿化度Cl-Na型水,A₂、B₁和B₂类地下水主要为HCO₃ ·Cl ·SO₄-Na和HCO₃-Na型水,结合因子分析,该区域地下水化学主要受"盐化"作用、碳酸盐岩溶解作用和人类活动影响,影响程度分别占了45.976%、23.853%和16.678%.蒸发盐岩溶解和阳离子交换作用是研究区Na⁺和Cl^-积聚的重要来源,农业灌溉（对土壤盐分的淋洗）和干旱（蒸腾蒸发强烈）是地下水盐化的关键驱动因素.     

滴灌方式和生物质炭对温室土壤矿质态氮及其微生物调控的影响

滴灌和生物质炭添加均可影响土壤氮的形态及转化.深入了解滴灌方式和生物质炭对土壤矿质态氮和参与矿质态氮转化关键功能基因及微生物种群的综合影响,对改善设施农业生产管理方式,提高水分和氮源利用效率,降低硝酸盐积累及其淋失引起的地下水污染具有重要指导意义.在日光温室设置地表滴灌(D)、插入式滴灌(ID,插入深度15 cm)、地表滴灌+10 t·hm~(-2)生物质炭(DB)和插入式滴灌+10 t·hm~(-2)生物质炭(IDB,插深15 cm)这4个处理,以收获期辣椒根际和非根际土壤为研究对象.结果发现,非根际和根际土壤铵态氮含量不受滴灌方式和生物质炭的影响.与地表滴灌相比,插入式滴灌显著降低了非根际土壤硝态氮的含量(P0.05),但生物质炭削弱了这种差异.同种滴灌方式下,生物质炭添加降低了根际土壤硝态氮的含量.生物质炭添加降低了地表滴灌辣椒非根际土壤AOA、AOB和nirK基因拷贝数以及根际土壤AOA基因拷贝数(P0.05),提高了两种滴灌方式根际土壤AOB和nirK基因拷贝数(P0.05).结构方程模型分析结果显示,在非根际和根际土壤中,pH和电导率分别是对铵态氮和硝态氮含量影响最大的环境因子,AOB基因拷贝数是对硝态氮影响最大的生物因子.基于PICRUSt功能预测,γ-变形菌纲菌属对氨单加氧酶基因(K10945)表达的贡献高于其它菌属;α-变形菌纲,尤其是根瘤菌成员对参与含铜离子的亚硝酸还原酶基因(K00368)表达的贡献高于其他菌属.生物质炭对非根际土壤K10945和根际土壤K00368同源基因细菌群落结构的影响显著(P0.05).综上所述,相对于滴灌方式,生物质炭的添加对设施农业土壤硝态氮氮含量及其转化的关键微生物影响更大.     

IRRIGATION METHODS AND TRANSPORT OF IMAZAMETHABENZ‐METHYL TO GROUND WATER: GREENFIELDS BENCH,MONTANA1

ABSTRACT: A series of gravel terraces support a shallow aquifer that is the sole source of drinking water for three public water supplies and more than 400 private wells on the Greenfields Bench in west‐central Montana. Farming practices on the Greenfields Bench include irrigation of malting barley and the yearly application of herbicides for the control of weeds. The most commonly used herbicide (imazamethabenz‐methyl, U.S. trade name Assert®) has been found in the ground water on the Greenfields Bench. An experiment was conducted in 2000 and 2001 to characterize the transport of Assert and its acid metabolite to ground water under three irrigation methods: flood, wheel line sprinkler, and center pivot sprinkler. Results show that Assert concentrations in ground water are controlled by hydraulic loading rates of each irrigation method, Assert persistence in soil, hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer, and adsorption/desorption of Assert onto clay particles and organic matter.     

ENERGY AND WATER CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Growers in California used several energy and water conservation strategies in response to the drought conditions of 1976 and 1977. The strategies included an increased use of ground water, in creased irrigation efficiencies, and shifts in cropping patterns. Drought-related losses to irrigated agriculture were minimized as a result of these modifications. Some future problems may have been created, however, by obtaining the needed water supplies for 1976–77. These problems include the effects of extensive water pumping on ground water reservoirs and ground subsidence. In addition, reduced water application by less frequent irrigation and changes in irrigation methods may affect the total salt balance for future years. Several conservation strategies that have some potential application in California were identified as: maintaining and augmenting surface water supply, increasing power use efficiencies, and improving irrigation efficiencies. Electricity savings associated with water conservation have been estimated as high as 25 percent. Specific near term actions suggested for facilitating conservation included: an expanded irrigation management system, efficient water deliveries, and a continued effort on the part of the individual growers to use resources during periods of normal rainfall as they were used under drought conditions.     

MULTISOURCE/MULTIQUALITY AGRICULTURAL WATER USE DECISIONMAKING1

ABSTRACT: The importation of water into an existing irrigated agricultural area raises many questions about farm profitability and suggests many adjustment alternatives open to farmers. In particular, how will farmers respond to a new additional water source of differing cost, availability, and quality? Mathematical programming models of representative irrigated farms in Pinal County, Arizona, were developed to project agricultural adjustments to new water from the Central Arizona Project now under construction. The techniques developed have broad application to similar water resource projects involving the conjunctive use of multiple water sources of differing qualities. Regional agricultural activities are described by defining and modeling multiple representative farms which account for economies due to size and different water sources of differing price and quality. Various management schemes can be evaluated by properly selected representative farm models.     

A NEW CHALLENGE FOR WESTERN WATER SUPPLIES1

ABSTRACT: In many of the limited water resource areas of the western United States most water supplies have been put to beneficial uses. Energy, a fast expanding high-priority water use, is making challenging demands for these limited supplies. Can water supplies be stretched, supplemented, or redirected so that present uses can be maintained and energy water needs satisfied? The Bureau of Reclamation is investigating innovative methods of water management, reregulation, and use to meet these demands. Related programs under study include potentials for: development of additional hydroelectric power, installation of low-head turbines in western water courses, utilization of pumped storage and underground storage, use of geo-thermal heat, extension of water supplies through more efficient irrigation systems and practices, and weather modification.