Comparison and Verification of Bacterial Water Quality Indicator Measurement Methods Using Ambient Coastal Water Samples

During the summers of 2002 and 2004, in-stream integrated flow and concentration measurements for the total dissolved solids in the Cheyenne River, South Dakota, USA was conducted in order to compare the obtained actual field measurements with the predictions values made by the Bureau of Reclamation in the Environmental Impact Statement. In comparison to the actual field measurements conducted in this study, The Bureau of Reclamation extension of a small database used in the analysis for the impact of operations at the Angostura Unit over the past 50 years and into the future to predict the annual total dissolved solid loadings doesn't represent the actual loading values and various conditions in the study area. Additional integrated flow and concentration sampling is required to characterize the impact of the current Angostura Dam operations and Angostura Irrigation District return flows on the Cheyenne River in different seasons of the year.     

南方海涂海水灌溉库拉索芦荟的试验研究

在海南海涂沙滩(非耕地资源)对药用植物库拉索芦荟进行海水灌溉试验,设6种处理,淡、海水配比分别为A1(CK):100∶0;A2:90∶10;A3:75∶25;A4:50∶50;A5:25∶75;A6:0∶100。结果表明:①用一定浓度范围的海水灌溉时,库拉索芦荟苗期返青系数、根的综合生长量等植物生态指标为处理A3>A2>A1,超过一定海水浓度后则递减;连续3年的田间试验表明,芦荟叶片鲜重、干重A1、A2、A3三种处理间没有显著差异,而根干重A3显著高于A1,A4比A1处理叶片鲜重、干重减产均在20%以内,表明海水灌溉库拉索芦荟是可行的。②海水灌溉明显推迟芦荟从营养生长向生殖生长的转化时期,随着海水比例的增加,抽苔期明显推迟。③各种处理海水灌溉的沙滩深度在0～10cm范围内,盐分含量随深度迅速下降,10cm以下下降幅度变缓;经3年的海水灌溉试验,海涂沙滩在未作任何人为调控措施下,0～50cm沙滩含盐量仍在0.3%范围内。     

IMPROVING IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE INDUS BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Over half of the water delivered from the canal system to the watercourses managed by the farmers is not made available to the farmers' crops in Pakistan. Most of this water loss is due to loss of water through the banks of the watercourses. Lack of maintaining these banks and lack of cleaning the watercourse is a result of inadequate organization of the 10 to 150 farmers who use the watercourse, and a deficiency of knowledge concerning the amount of their water which is being lost. Various methods of watercourse improvement have been evaluated including concrete and masonry linings and simple earthen improvements of the ditches with concrete control structures, junctions, and turnouts. With the cost of labor low in Pakistan, the earthen improvements with concrete structures appear to be the best investment. Farm water management improvement programs have been implemented in most of the provinces which include this type of watercourse improvement, land leveling and advice to the farmers on how and when to irrigate his crops to optimize his production. The rate at which personnel can be trained to help the farmers implement these improved water management practices is limiting the rate of implementation.     

A NEW APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING IRRIGATION CONVEYANCE LOSSES AND THEIR ECONOMIC EVALUATION1

ABSTRACT: In this paper a new methodology for estimating conveyance efficiency within irrigation systems is presented. Based on statistical analysis of daily water releases from the source of supply and deliveries to the farmers in an irrigation district in Mexico, a linear model is obtained for estimating conveyance efficiency and two component factors. One of these factors points out the relative importance of the operational losses (i.e., losses due to water management), and the second shows the importance of the fixed losses which can be attributed to the average flow through the canal network without variations. In the last part of this paper, an analysis of the expected benefits and costs accruing from system improvement permits derivation of a decision rule which may be used for analyzing the economic feasibility of lining in-place canals.     

VALUING IRRIGATION WATER: A SIMULATION/MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: A two-stage simulation/mathematical programming model was developed to derive irrigation water values that reflect efficient response to reduced water supplies. The failure of many previous water valuation studies to represent the dynamic dimension of irrigation was shown to result in overestimation of derived water values. Water values are also shown to be dramatically influenced by both application system characteristics, as well as the relative costs of irrigation inputs. Finally, the marginal value of irrigation water was shown to vary considerably over the irrigation season, reaching its maximum when atmospheric demand is highest and crops are most susceptible to water stress. Results presented should be of interest to policymakers investigating the viability of alternative water reallocation mechanisms.     

WATER DIVERSIONS TO THE NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIES1

ABSTRACT .The major purpose of existing and proposed diversions of water to the Prairies is for irrigation. Being flat lands adaptable to mechanized agriculture and possessing a good network of rail and highway access, they are well suited for such use. Wheat surpluses, currently a serious problem in Canada, can be expected to melt under world population pressures and conversion of wheat lands to other crops with the advent of irrigation. The water sources envisaged are in the Canadian Arctic watershed with the United States purchasing Canadian water at the boundary. There is an increasing interest in the Canadian Prairie Provinces in regarding water as a commodity and selling some of it to pay for the development required to put the portion retained in Canada to use.     

RUNOFF IMPOUNDMENT FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: The current increase in the demand for water by municipal, industrial, and other users is likely to result in approximately one-third less water being available for agricultural use in Texas by the year 2000. As water supplies diminish, the rainfall excess needs to be used more efficiently. Large amounts of runoff occur in the eastern part of Texas that could be collected in small impoundments and utilized for crop production. Farmers in water-surplus basins or subbasins can apply for a permit to divert surface water into small on-farm impoundments to be used for supplemental irrigation. The costs for runoff collection and two supplemental irrigations, which amount to a total of 4 in./yr., are estimated to be approximately $60/acre/year. Depending upon the crop produced, the estimated increase in gross income from supplemental irrigation ranges from about $80 to more than $100 per acre annually.     

MONITORING AND CONTROL OF CENTER PIVOT SYSTEMS WITH MICROCOMPUTERS1

A computerized water-energy-management system (WEMS) can be used by center pivot operators to reduce pumping fuel costs and monitoring expenses. Irrigation costs are lowered primarily because the system used climatic data and plant growth models to derive water schedules that considerably lowers the use of water compared with conventional irrigation practices. A capital budget analysis of a hypothetical, but representative farm growing corn, shows that cost savings are from three sources: 61 percent from pumping less water, 28 percent from labor savings, and 11 percent from savings on truck fuel, maintenance, and oiL The analysis illustrates that only a 4 percent water savings from irrigation scheduling over a 10-year period is required for the investment to be profitable for many central High Plains’ irrigators. The water savings required are relatively small compared with the potentials shown by irrigation scheduling research. WEMS is cost effective and can extend the life of the ground water source.     

AN ANALYSIS OF RISING IRRIGATION COSTS IN THE GREAT PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: Irrigation costs are rising rapidly on the 32 million acres irrigated with ground water. Ground water levels are declining under about 15 million of those acres adding to increased costs. However, from 1975 to 1982, 75 to 80 percent of increased ground water irrigation costs were due to higher nominal energy prices and interest rates. In real dollars, adjusted for inflation, these costs have risen faster than other irrigation costs and the real rise in commodity prices has been very small. A continuation of rapidly rising costs and slowly rising prices will shorten the economic life of those aquifers experiencing declining water levels. That same condition of prices and costs place all ground water irrigators in a disadvantaged position compared to nonirrigators and could cause a decline in ground water irrigation.     

A REMOTE SENSING APPROACH FOR MODELING WATER RESOURCE USE1

Remote sensing data combined with other spatially referenced data were used to predict water resource use in an irrigated area of Central Oregon. Crop type and irrigation method were determined using color infrared aerial photography and thermal infrared imagery, respectively. These data were combined with crop consumptive use and irrigation method application efficiency values to determine total water applied to a transect sample through the heart of the study area. This information, when integrated with data on canal leakage and storage reservoir seepage, allowed the researcher to predict total water use for the entire management unit. The model developed allowed the researcher to attain results accurate to within 92.0 percent of actual values, suggesting that predictive water use models which use such techniques have tremendous potential for providing water resource managers with near real-time statistics required for making wise management decisions.