热岛效应季节动态随城市化进程演变的遥感监测

作为城市特有的一种环境问题,热岛效应动态发展变化的规律是城市热岛研究的基础工作.遥感技术在城市热岛动态变化监测方面的有用性已经得到了证实.然而当前城市热岛遥感研究基本都取少数几景进行对比分析,这使得遥感在城市热岛时空动态监测方面不能充分发挥作用.采用50景长时间序列Landsat TM和ETM+SLC-on/off影像,采取定性和定量分析相结合的方法,使用热岛强度、热岛范围等指标和热岛显著区的概念对厦门市1987-2008年20年间热岛季节动态随城市化进程演变的趋势进行分析,结果表明:厦门城市热岛在2003、2004年之后已由春夏秋扩展到冬季,且冬季热岛的高等级斑块在数量、个体面积和总面积上均有明显增长趋势.引起这种变化的原因还需要进一步研究和分析.     

Exploring the relationship between residential segregation and thermal inequity in 20 U.S. cities

A combination of the urban heat island effect and a rising temperature baseline resulting from global climate change inequitably impacts socially vulnerable populations residing in urban areas. This article examines racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in the spatial distribution of exposure to urban heat in the context of climate justice and residential segregation in the U.S. An urban heat risk index (UHRI) is calculated from measures of land surface temperature, structural density, and vegetation abundance, acquired from summer 2010 remote sensing imagery. Twenty of the largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the U.S. are selected and analysed using census tract-level socio-demographic data from the U.S. Census. Multilevel modelling is utilised to examine the statistical associations between urban heat, minority status, socioeconomic disadvantage, and MSA-level segregation of racial/ethnic minority groups. Variables representing socioeconomic status (i.e. household income, home ownership, and education level) are consistently and significantly associated with greater urban heat exposure. Minority status and measures of segregation have a significant but varied relationship with urban heat exposure, indicating that there are inconsistent associations with urban heat due to differing social geographies. Urban heat and social vulnerability present a varying landscape of thermal inequity in different metropolitan areas, associated in many cases with residential segregation.     

空气污染物远程传输对海岛型城市污染的影响

为探明海岛型城市的污染成因,采用MM5/CALPUFF模型定量测算区域传输对舟山群岛大气环境的影响.结果显示,舟山在冬季主要受西北方向大陆上空高浓度污染物传输影响,上海对其外来影响最大,SO2和NO2的贡献率在71%~79%和72%~83%之间;而在夏季受偏南气流影响,浙江省对其影响最大,SO2和NO2贡献率在52%~63%和49%~55%之间.舟山群岛在高频率、高风速的持续性西北风和偏北风作用下,易形成重污染天气,各监测点NO2最大小时浓度在122~194μg/m3之间,区域传输的贡献率在98%以上.开展区域联防联控工作,才能根本改善舟山群岛环境空气质量.     

不同地被类型对城市热环境的影响研究

近些年来我国城市热环境急速恶化,特别是2013年我国南方多地出现突破历史极值的极端高温天气,严重影响了居民正常生活。本研究以深圳为例,运用气象站定点观测方法并首次引入运动样带观测方法对深圳市典型地被类型的气温进行监测、分析,探讨不同地被类型对城市热环境的影响。气象站定点监测实验从2011年6月至今,持续样带监测实验开始于2011年6月结束于2013年7月。本研究详细纪录了深圳市西丽大学城及其周边有典型地被类型的气温、太阳辐射、风向、风速等气象数据。根据不同城市景观分选出5种不同的典型城市地被类型：城市景观水、城中村、商业区、城市绿地、郊区。利用观测获得的具有高空间分辨度和高时间分辨度的实验数据对5种不同的地被类型进行分析比较,结果表明：5种不同城市景观的温度差异明显,商业区温度＞城中村温度＞城市景观水区域温度＞城市绿地温度＞郊区温度。城市绿化和景观水对城市热岛有明显的缓解作用,城市景观水可缓解城市热岛强度0.9℃,城市绿地可缓解城市热岛强度1.57℃。城市绿地的降温效果比城市景观水好,比城市温度的缓解效果强0.67℃。人类的周期性活动对区域城市热岛强度有明显的影响。一周时间内,商业区、城中村、城市景观水、城市绿地的城市热岛强度均呈“U”字形。周末四种地被类型的热岛强度比工作日要高,分别高出0.65℃、0.57℃、0.26℃、0.21℃。     

Determinants of population persistence and abundance of terrestrial and arboreal vertebrates stranded in tropical forest land-bridge islands

Megadams are among the key modern drivers of habitat and biodiversity loss in emerging economies. The Balbina Hydroelectric Dam of Central Brazilian Amazonia inundated 312,900 ha of primary forests and created approximately 3500 variable-sized islands that still harbor vertebrate populations after nearly 3 decades after isolation. We estimated the species richness, abundance, biomass, composition, and group size of medium- to large-bodied forest vertebrates in response to patch, landscape, and habitat-quality metrics across 37 islands and 3 continuous forest sites throughout the Balbina archipelago. We conducted 1168 km of diurnal censuses and had 12,420 camera-trapping days along 81 transects with 207 camera stations. We determined the number of individuals (or groups) detected per 10 km walked and the number of independent photographs per 10 camera-trapping days, respectively, for each species. We recorded 34 species, and patch area was the most significant predictor of vertebrate population relative abundance and aggregate biomass. The maximum group size of several group-living species was consistently larger on large islands and in continuous patches than on small islands. Most vertebrate populations were extirpated after inundation. Remaining populations are unlikely to survive further ecological disruptions. If all vertebrate species were once widely distributed before inundation, we estimated that approximately 75% of all individual vertebrates were lost from all 3546 islands and 7.4% of the animals in all persisting insular populations are highly likely to be extirpated. Our results demonstrate that population abundance estimates should be factored into predictions of community disassembly on small islands to robustly predict biodiversity outcomes. Given the rapidly escalating hydropower infrastructure projects in developing counties, we suggest that faunal abundance and biomass estimates be considered in environmental impact assessments and large strictly protected reserves be established to minimize detrimental effects of dams on biodiversity. Conserving large tracts of continuous forests represents the most critical conservation measure to ensure that animal populations can persist at natural densities in Amazonian forests.     

A sustainability index for small island developing states

This paper proposes a novel approach to measuring the progress of small island developing states (SIDS) towards sustainable development (SD) as set by the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2030. Currently, these goals do not provide adequate guidance on how countries might measure their progress towards sustainability. We use these goals and a subset of their targets to develop an index with concrete targets, through the use of pertinent sustainability indicators, that SIDS should aim to achieve a sustainable society. In addition to the three categorical pillars of SD (social, economic and environmental), we included the category Climate Change and Disaster Management (incorporating Disaster Risk Reduction). The basis of our decision is that the UN and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have both recognized the vulnerability of SIDS to both environmental hazards. Our index scores a total 70 individual indicators for the four categories to track the progress of a SIDS towards a sustainable society. Using the Caribbean nation, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, as our SIDS case study, we report the average of the scores for each category to illustrate its progress towards sustainability. Overall Trinidad and Tobago is slowly progressing towards a more sustainably developed society. Our results show that the nation is only moderately successful regarding progress in three traditional pillars of SD, social, economic and environmental. However, Trinidad and Tobago scores poorly in the Climate Change and Disaster Management category and needs to improve in this area especially due to its vulnerability.     

Integrating disaster risk reduction in national development planning: experience and challenges of Jamaica

It is generally recognised by the disaster risk management and development communities that disasters have a negative impact on development, and indeed can set back development by years. This realisation led to a new paradigm for the management of hazards and their impacts, namely an integrated approach which emphasises disaster risk reduction being incorporated into national development planning. Awareness, however, does not necessarily translate into implementation. ‘Reduce the underlying risk factors’, Priority for Action 4 of The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015, reported the lowest average score for progress of the five priority areas. Challenges to progress, as reported by Governments included inappropriate development practices, high levels of poverty and other factors which increase vulnerability. Various authors have recognised the difficulty of consistently and successfully integrating disaster risk reduction into development planning. This integration is particularly challenging for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) which face high exposure to hazards, vulnerable populations and limited resources, often both human and financial. The efforts of Jamaica, a Caribbean SIDS, at integrating disaster risk reduction into national development, and some factors which proved to be important in making progress are presented here. This retrospective paper is written from the perspective of a participant observer and traces developments in disaster risk management over three decades, 1980–2010. Integration and inclusiveness, use of quantitative methods and application of risk assessments are identified as being important in gaining acceptance for disaster risk reduction.     

The challenge of sustainable development in small island developing states: case study on tourism in the Caribbean

Small island developing states (SIDS) in the Caribbean have long specialised in primary commodity exports, and traditional export sectors continue to be a major source of employment. The challenge of sustainable development for the Caribbean SIDS has two dimensions. The first is to adjust to the economic and social impact of the loss of preferential markets for traditional exports and of the dismantling of the ISI apparatus erected during the post-World War II period. The second is to ensure that existing and new patterns of production and consumption comply with the criteria for sustainable development, which is here defined as environmental, socio-cultural and economic sustainability.
This article outlines the potential contribution of sustainable tourism to the larger goal of sustainable development in the SIDS in the Caribbean. It reviews current literature on sustainable development and sustainable tourism, particularly their application to the Caribbean SIDS, and evaluates the Caribbean tourism industry from the point of view of sustainable tourism. Conclusions are drawn and proposals made for a policy-oriented agenda in support of the quest for sustainable tourism in the SIDS in the Caribbean.     

海岛旅游绿色发展生态补偿标准研究——以浙江舟山普陀旅游金三角为例

绿色发展是强调人与自然平等、人与自然和谐发展的新可持续发展观。海岛旅游绿色发展有利于保护旅游目的地的海洋生态系统与森林生态系统健康和减少旅游业对资源与环境的压力。运用海洋渔业生态标签制度(MFELS)、生态系统服务付费(PES)和市场替换法(MRM),对海岛旅游绿色发展生态补偿问题进行了研究,其中,旅游碳排放增量生态补偿(增汇或碳汇)主要依据是污染者付费原则、环境友好型海产品生态补偿主要依据是保护者得到补偿原则、生态系统服务付费主要依据是受益者付费原则;并以舟山普陀旅游金三角为案例地,以问卷调查和访谈调查获取的数据为基础,以2013年为评价基准年份,对海岛旅游绿色发展的生态补偿标准进行了评估。结果表明:海岛旅游绿色发展可获得6.53×108元的生态补偿资金,游客平均承担110.43元/人次的生态补偿标准。     

新型人工浮岛流场数值模拟与结构优化分析

近期提出的新型人工浮岛是通过两种不同透水能力基质材料的填充在系统内部形成2个不同水流与溶解氧浓度区域,两区域的过流能力及两者之间水流交换量对系统脱氮除磷效果具有较大的影响。为实现这一新型人工浮岛基质结构设计参数的优化,进一步提高净化能力,应用数值模拟方法对不同结构条件下流场进行了模拟。模拟结果发现,影响两区域水流交换量及其过流能力的主要因素包括：基质材料的填充形状、填充深度及透水能力,其中“钟乳状”形态较“层状”填充形态人工浮岛具有更好的两区域间水流交换能力及过流能力,理论上具有更好的净化效果。根据模拟结果确定的设计参数构建小试试验系统进行对比试验研究,试验结果与数值模拟结论吻合。可见,采用数值模拟方法对人工浮岛内部水流状态进行模拟分析,能够为人工浮岛结构优化设计提供依据。